The hydrology of sand rivers in Zimbabwe and the use of remote sensing to assess their level of saturation     

《Physics and Chemistry of the Earth》2016

Sand rivers are ephemeral watercourses containing sand that are occasionally flooded with rainwater runoff during the rainy season. Although the riverbed appears dry for most of the year, there is perennial groundwater flow within the sand. This water flowing beneath the surface is a valuable resource for local communities; nonetheless our understanding of such river systems is limited. Hence, this paper aims to improve our understanding of the hydrology of sand rivers and to examine the potential use of remote sensing to detect the presence of water in the sand. The relationship between rainfall events and changes in the water level of two sand rivers in the Matabeleland South Province of Zimbabwe was investigated. A lagged relationship was observed for the Manzamnyama River but for the Shashani River the relationship was seen only when considering cumulative rainfall events. The comparison of the modelled flow as simulated by a water balance model with observations revealed the important influence of the effective sediment depth on the recharge and recession of the alluvial channels in addition to the length of the channel. The possibility of detecting water in the alluvial sands was investigated using remote sensing. During the wet season, optical images showed that the presence of water on the riverbed was associated with a smooth signal, as it tends to reflect the incident radiation. A chronological analysis of radar images for different months of the year demonstrates that it is possible to detect the presence of water in the sand rivers. These results are a first step towards the development of a methodology that would aim to use remote sensing to help reducing survey costs by guiding exploratory activities to areas showing signs of water abstraction potential.  相似文献   

Study of water cloud model vegetation descriptors in estimating soil moisture in Solani catchment   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2       下载免费PDF全文

Kamal Kumar  Hari Prasad Suryanarayana Rao  M. K. Arora 《水文研究》2015,29(9):2137-2148

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电性源瞬变电磁地空逆合成孔径成像   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1       下载免费PDF全文

李貅  张莹莹  卢绪山  姚伟华 《地球物理学报》2015,58(1):277-288

电性源地空瞬变电磁法具有工作效率高、勘探深度大、采集信号信噪比高、适用于地形地质条件复杂地区等优点.但是,到目前为止,由于尚未建立起该方法的解释系统,大大制约了该方法的发展.本文旨在建立起完整的地空电磁探测系统,丰富整个探测系统的理论.本文围绕地空瞬变电磁法全域视电阻率定义、瞬变电磁虚拟波场的克希霍夫偏移成像、逆合成孔径成像方法三个科学问题进行了系统研究.提出了用磁场强度定义全域视电阻率的迭代算法,理论模型试验结果表明计算出的视电阻率曲线首支趋于第一层电阻率,尾支趋于最后一层电阻率,实现了全空域、全时域视电阻率的计算;在先前研究的基础上,实现了适合电性源地空装置的瞬变电磁虚拟波场的克希霍夫偏移成像;采用相关迭加技术,实现孔径内多测点数据合成,将传统的单点处理方式发展成为逐点推移多次覆盖的逆合成孔径处理方法.层状模型试验表明:(1)全域视电阻率能够光滑、完整、渐变地反映出模型的电性信息变化;(2)当改变三层模型中间层电阻率时,全域视电阻率曲线随着参数的改变分异明显,对电性层的识别容易且直观;(3)由于在电阻率计算中同时考虑了接收机高度、偏移距、时间等各参数的影响,全域视电阻率可实现全空域、全时域的视电阻率计算.含水采空区的复杂模型算例表明:(1)根据不同测线的全域视电阻率结果可以看出,在靠近采空区的位置,全域视电阻率断面可以清晰地反映出采空区的空间位置,随着测线离采空区越来越远,采空区异常越来越弱直至消失;(2)波场变换和偏移成像的结果显示存在两个电性差异较大的界面,上界面指示地表,由于空气和大地之间的电性差异较大,故该界面波场信号反映强烈,遍布整个区域,下界面异常信号则主要集中在中部,向外逐渐减弱,指示采空区;(3)逆合成孔径成像结果表明地表界面在合成前后没有变化,而采空区异常合成后范围明显变小,且异常边界清晰,指示的采空区位置与模型吻合很好.本文借助于逆合成孔径雷达成像的基本思想,建立了一套电性源瞬变电磁地空逆合成孔径成像方法.基于反函数思想结合迭代算法提出的电性源地空瞬变电磁法的全域视电阻率定义方法,实现了全空域、全时域的视电阻率计算;借鉴瞬变电磁拟地震偏移成像算法,实现了瞬变场的三维成像;借鉴逆合成孔径雷达的思想,提出电性源瞬变电磁地空逆合成孔径算法,进一步提高了成像的分辨率.采空区模型算例表明相关叠加合成确实具有增强有用信号、提高信噪比、提高分辨率的诸多优点,证实了瞬变电磁地空逆合成孔径成像方法的有效性.  相似文献   

Facile Zeolite Synthesis from Municipal Glass and Aluminum Solid Wastes   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1       下载免费PDF全文

Roberto Terzano  Caterina D'Alessandro  Matteo Spagnuolo  Marcello Romagnoli  Luca Medici 《洁净——土壤、空气、水》2015,43(1):133-140

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Stream temperature,specific conductance and runoff process in mountain watersheds     

Daiji Kobayashi  Yoshiyuki Ishii  Yuji Kodama 《水文研究》1999,13(6):865-876

Stream temperature ranged from 3 to 4°C at an experimental site during snowmelt on Hokkaido Island, Japan, which provided direct evidence of major contributions of subsurface water to stream water. In contrast, stream temperatures during rainstorms in summer decreased gradually after stream flow peaked, attaining a nearly constant temperature ranging from 9 to 11°C. During storm flow recession, stream temperatures during summer or snowmelt were similar to the soil temperature at 1·8 m below the land surface, suggesting that subsurface water contributions to stream flow are derived from this depth. The hygrographs during two rainstorms, August 1987 and September 1989, were separated using temperature. The stream temperature was assumed to depend on the mixing of surface flow, having a temperature ranging from that of rainfall to that of shallow (50 cm deep) soil water, and subsurface flow, having the temperature of the soil at 1·8 m below the land surface. Subsurface flow was estimated to contribute 85–90% of the total stream flow during each rainstorm. A two‐component hydrograph separation was also evaluated using specific conductance. Runoff contributions from the two sources for the temperature and specific conductance analysis were similar. Analysis of the temperature and conductance–discharge hysteresis loop, and of individual flow components for storm hygrographs, provide a general picture of the runoff process in the experimental basin. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

The effects of antecedent moisture conditions on the relationship of hydrology to hydrochemistry in a small forested watershed     

Pascale M. Biron  Andr G. Roy  Franois Courschesne  William H. Hendershot  Benoît Ct  Jim Fyles 《水文研究》1999,13(11):1541-1555

The relationship between stream discharge and the concentration of different solutes reflects the hydrological processes occurring in a catchment, but is also strongly affected by antecedent moisture conditions. In this study, the effects of antecedent conditions were examined for a small forested watershed near Montréal (Québec) by comparing data from sequences of fall events for two years of contrasting antecedent moisture conditions. The relationship between discharge and stream water chemistry was also quantified using cross‐correlation analysis. Results show that concentrations of dissolved organic carbon, nitrate and calcium increased during storm events with dry antecedent conditions but that the relationships were weaker under wet conditions. For both years, concentrations of sulfate, silicon and sodium and the pH were negatively correlated with discharge (cross‐correlations from −0·20 to −0·53). With dry antecedent conditions, there was a general decrease in the concentration of all solutes with time, whereas concentrations remained at about the same level under wet conditions. The concentration–discharge relationships for sulfate shifted frequently from higher concentrations during the rising limb to higher concentrations during the falling limb from one event to another as a result of changing antecedent conditions. Although the contrast in antecedent moisture conditions between the two years was moderate in comparison with that reported in other studies (25% dryer than average in 1995 and 12% wetter than average in 1996), the hydrochemistry of the stream was markedly different. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

沉积物中14种典型人工合成麝香加速溶剂萃取-气相色谱-串联质谱快速分析方法研究   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

佟玲  田芹  杨志鹏  潘萌 《岩矿测试》2020,39(4):587-596

近年人工合成麝香在环境中污染状况加剧,该类化合物具有潜在致癌和环境激素作用,对人类健康构成了威胁,因此越来越受到科学工作者的重视。水和土壤等环境样品中的人工合成麝香检测技术发展迅速,并朝着快速绿色的方向发展。人工合成麝香在沉积物中的浓度达到了几个到几千个ng/g的水平,但对于沉积物复杂基质中的多种类人工合成麝香,采取同步提取与净化,并快速分析的方法还有待研究。本文建立了沉积物样品中硝基麝香、多环麝香和大环麝香共三类、14种典型人工合成麝香的快速分析方法。通过实验优化了提取溶剂、提取温度、在线净化吸附剂等条件,大大降低了样品的前处理成本。最终确定样品采用加速溶剂萃取,萃取池中依次装入净化吸附剂(0.4g GCB和1.0g SAX)及5.0g沉积物样品,在80℃条件下采用提取溶剂正己烷-丙酮(4∶1,V/V)循环提取2次,提取液浓缩后采用气相色谱-三重四极杆串联质谱(GC-MS/MS)进行测定。结果表明:14种目标化合物的线性范围为5～200ng/mL,平均添加回收率为70.6%～121.5%,相对标准偏差(RSD,n=7)为0.97%～19.5%。替代物回收率为72.2%～116.8%,方法检出限为硝基麝香0.10～0.19ng/g,多环麝香0.09～0.14ng/g,大环麝香0.11～1.93ng/g。该方法能够满足复杂基质沉积物样品的分析要求。  相似文献   

新型荧光碳点的制备及其在微量金属离子测定中的应用     

刘娟娟  陈永雷  陈兴国 《岩矿测试》2020,39(2):174-187

碳点(CD)具有粒径小、抗光漂白性好、荧光稳定性高、发射光谱可调、表面易功能化、毒性低及生物相容性好等优点,已在催化、生物成像、药物传递、荧光检测、光电子器件等方面得到了广泛的应用。近年来,利用不同原料制备高性能荧光CD的合成方法备受关注。此外,通过CD直接与目标分析物相互作用,特异性配体修饰后的CD与目标分析物相互作用、CD与其他物质形成复合物后与目标分析物相互作用构建荧光探针,并将其用于微量金属离子的检测得到了迅速发展和广泛应用。本文阐述了CD的光学性质和合成原料,对其常用的自上而下法和自下而上法两类合成方法的过程及特点进行了总结。在此基础上,详细评述了基于CD与目标分析物的三种相互作用方式所构建的荧光探针在测定Fe^3+、Zn^2+、Cu^2+等具有生化作用的离子和Hg^2+、As^3+、Pb^2+、Cr^6+、Cd^2+等重金属离子的应用进展。本文指出,深入研究检测机理,发展新型检测模式,针对特定金属离子和样品组成设计构建荧光探针,建立可用于复杂样品的分析方法是开展构建新型CD荧光探针所面临的挑战和发展方向。  相似文献   

合成孔径雷达空间变迹带宽外推超分辨算法   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

张平  杨汝良 《测绘学报》2010,39(1):71-75

提出一种变迹法带宽外推合成孔径雷达(SAR)超分辨率成像算法,可以提高合成孔径雷达成像分辨率并抑制旁瓣。利用空间变迹法(SVA)处理后的带宽扩展效应,对频谱进行幅度均衡使有效带宽扩展,并利用非整数倍Nyquist采样率空间变迹法对外推后的旁瓣抑制,得到输出的高分辨率图像。仿真实验和定量分析验证了本文方法的有效性。  相似文献   

机载双基地SAR实测数据成像     

徐三元  王建国 《遥感学报》2010,14(2):267-277

建立双基地SAR的单基地等效模型,分析了系统时间同步误差的机理;提出了双基地SAR回波中的直达波数据进行时间同步误差校正的算法;在双基地SAR单站等效模型的基础上,利用时变阶梯变换算法进行成像处理。经过理论分析,实测数据处理验证,这一算法是有效的,能够校正双基地SAR时间同步误差,较好地进行实测数据的成像处理。  相似文献