Reconstruction of earthquake hazard in regions of sparse seismic monitoring     

Amr S. Elnashai 《地震工程与工程振动(英文版)》2007,6(2):99-109

Studying strong motion records and the spatial distribution of ground shaking is of great importance in understanding the underlying causes of damage in earthquakes. Many regions in the world are either not instrumented or are sparsely instrumented. As such, significant opportunities for motion-damage correlations are lost. Two recent and damaging earthquakes belong to the class of lost opportunities, namely the Kashmir (Pakistan) earthquake of October 2005 and the Yogyakarta (Indonesia) earthquake of May 2006. In this paper, an overview of the importance of supply and demand studies in earthquake-stricken regions is given, followed by two examples of investigative engineering seismology aimed at reconstructing the hazard from sparse data. The paper closes with a plea for responsible authorities to invest in seismic monitoring networks in the very near future.  相似文献   

伊利石结晶度Kübler，Weaver和Weber指数关系式常数的确定与应用   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

王河锦  陶晓风Rahn Meinert 《高校地质学报》2007,13(3):561-565

根据衍射峰具有的不同分布特点推导出了14个伊利石结晶度Kübler指数，Weaver指数和Weber指数关系式中常数项C1-C14的数值，提出了PearsonⅦ分布中形态参数μ与C5，C6，C11，C12的4个定量方程。由此，14个伊利石结晶度指数关系式可直接用于实际计算。根据阿尔卑斯复理石伊利石形态特征Sc=0.731，由这些关系式进行近变质带上下界线的转换得出与Kübler指数0.42～0.25。△2θ界线对应的Weaver指数和Weber指数的界线值分别为5.8～17.6和300～179。讨论了在自然干燥状态下直接进行伊蒙混层鉴定的基本原理。  相似文献   

“THE END OF MODERN HISTORY”?*     

MICHAEL WILLIAMS 《Geographical review》1998,88(2):275-300

ABSTRACT. The first half of the twentieth century marked both an end to confidence in human control of the earth and a prelude to the contemporary era of intense environmental concern after 1950. This conspectus of the environmental history/historical geography of the transitional years between 1900 and 1950 focuses on rising concerns over resource supplies and exploitation, particularly land settlement, timber supplies, soil erosion, and river-basin control. Conservation and the pervasiveness of ecological thinking and analogy form a strong underlying theme.  相似文献   

三维空间实体间拓扑关系的矩阵描述   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

陈军  郭薇 《武汉大学学报(信息科学版)》1998,(4)

三维空间实体及其间拓扑关系的语义描述和形式化表达是三维ＧＩＳ空间数据建模的重要理论基础。在ｋ－维流形的三维空间实体形式化描述方法的基础上,根据三维空间实体的可剖分性,采用顾及维数的九元组描述框架,研究用于构成三维实体的ｋ－单纯形（０≤ｋ≤３）之间的拓扑空间关系,继而研究三维实体间的拓扑空间关系。  相似文献   

A thermo‐mechanical model for variably saturated soils based on hypoplasticity     

David Mašín  Nasser Khalili 《国际地质力学数值与分析法杂志》2012,36(12):1461-1485

The paper presents a mechanical model for non‐isothermal behaviour of unsaturated soils. The model is based on an incrementally non‐linear hypoplastic model for saturated clays and can therefore tackle the non‐linear behaviour of overconsolidated soils. A hypoplastic model for non‐isothermal behaviour of saturated soils was developed and combined with the existing hypoplastic model for unsaturated soils based on the effective stress principle. Features of the soil behaviour that are included into the model, and those that are not, are clearly distinguished. The number of model parameters is kept to a minimum, and they all have a clear physical interpretation, to facilitate the model usefulness for practical applications. The step‐by‐step procedure used for the parameter calibration is described. The model is finally evaluated using a comprehensive set of experimental data for the thermo‐mechanical behaviour of an unsaturated compacted silt. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

三维空间中简单线与体之间的拓扑关系研究     

李姣姣  李光强  徐锐 《测绘科学》2009,34(6)

三维空间对象的拓扑关系对于研究三维空间对象的操作及其算法至关重要。本文在详细研究拓扑关系的9-交和4-交模型的基础上,指出了它们在表达简单线与体拓扑关系上的局限性,9-交模型的线性相关性以及4-交模型的不完备性。进而提出简单线与体拓扑关系表达的扩展4-交模型,运用扩展4-交模型详细分析了简单线与体的拓扑关系,并给出图示。接着对所提扩展4-交模型线性无关性及完备性进行了论证。最后对所提出的扩展4-交模型进行了总结性说明。  相似文献   

Bayesian analysis of stage–fall–discharge models for gauging stations affected by variable backwater     

Asgeir Petersen‐Øverleir  Trond Reitan 《水文研究》2009,23(21):3057-3074

Parsimonious stage–fall–discharge rating curve models for gauging stations subject to backwater complications are developed from simple hydraulic theory. The rating curve models are compounded in order to allow for possible shifts in the hydraulics when variable backwater becomes effective. The models provide a prior scientific understanding through the relationship between the rating curve parameters and the hydraulic properties of the channel section under study. This characteristic enables prior distributions for the rating curve parameters to be easily elicited according to site‐specific information and the magnitude of well‐known hydraulic quantities. Posterior results from three Norwegian and one American twin‐gauge stations affected by variable backwater are obtained using Markov chain Monte Carlo simulation techniques. The case studies demonstrate that the proposed Bayesian rating curve assessment is appropriate for developing rating procedures for gauging stations that are subject to variable backwater. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Growth of red gurnard (Teleostei: Triglidae) from Pegasus bay,Canterbury, New Zealand     

D. J. Staples 《新西兰海洋与淡水研究杂志》2013,47(3):365-374

Growth of the red gurnard, Chelidonichthys kumu (Lesson and Garnot), from Pegasus Bay, Canterbury, was measured during 1966–67. Otoliths were used as an indicator of fish growth; mean length‐at‐age data were obtained from back‐calculated fish lengths at the time of formation of successive annual rings in the otoliths. Growth in length was found to be adequately expressed by the von Bertalanffy growth equation :

l_t = 52.0 [1 ‐ e‐^{0.406 (t‐o.291)}]

(where l_t is the fork length in cm at age t). The length: weight relationship was:

w = 78.56 × 10^‐4 l ^3.072

(where w is the weight in grams). From this relationship, growth in weight was described by the equation:

w_t = 1469 [1 ‐ e‐0.406 (t‐0.291)]³.  相似文献   

考虑边界反射作用河流污染混合区的简化算法          下载免费PDF全文

武周虎 《水科学进展》2014,25(6):864-872

以排污口为坐标原点,通过数学推证了岸边排放时P(x,y)点与中心排放时Q(x/4,±y/2)点的污染物浓度对应相等.通过计算实验和曲线拟合,分别给出了中宽河流污染混合区最大长度、最大宽度和相应的纵坐标、面积等参数以及河流中心线和两岸线沿程浓度分布的实用化公式,给出了污染混合区的近似外边界曲线方程.对中宽河流污染混合区范围的计算和环境敏感点的浓度预测,具有重要实用价值,为工程技术人员提供了准确、简便、快捷的实用化方法.  相似文献   

基于小波变换的生态系统服务权衡尺度效应与影响因素研究——以珠江三角洲为例     

张弛  李枝坚  曾辉 《地理研究》2022,41(5):1279-1297

识别生态系统服务间的多尺度权衡关系及其影响因素对于指导管理决策和推进可持续发展至关重要,然而尺度响应特征及差异变化成因尚不明确,其中一个重要原因是缺乏科学合理的尺度划分方法。本文评估了珠三角地区的土壤保持、水源涵养、生境质量、自然游憩共4种关键生态系统服务量,基于小波变换的特征尺度估算方法,确定了研究权衡关系的最佳聚合规模序列。应用相关性分析和地理探测器方法,定量化识别权衡强度在各个尺度的影响因素,并比较了不同尺度间主导影响因素的差异特征。结果表明：① 权衡强度在6条样线上的特征尺度突出,2000~11500 m是研究权衡关系的最佳尺度序列范围。② 自然游憩与水源涵养、生境质量之间存在协同关系,自然游憩与土壤保持互为权衡关系。三对服务组合之间的相互作用大多随着尺度的增大而增强,特别是在县级行政管理规模上,所有配对服务表现出最强的协同或最弱的权衡关系。③ 植被覆盖度对权衡强度的驱动作用突出且相对稳定。地形因素是小尺度范围内权衡关系变化的主导影响因素,而气候因素和景观格局指数在较大尺度的影响作用显著。本研究通过优化传统的多尺度研究序列构建方法,为调控各类驱动因素以制定多级管理决策提供参考。  相似文献