Search for Phobos and Deimos gas/dust tori using in situ observations from Mars Global Surveyor MAG/ER     

Marit Øieroset  David A. Brain  David L. Mitchell  Jasper S. Halekas  Mario H. Acuña 《Icarus》2010,206(1):189-198

More than 490 elliptical aerobraking and science phasing orbits made by Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) in 1997 and 1998 provide unprecedented coverage of the solar wind in the vicinity of the orbits of the martian moons Phobos and Deimos. We have performed a comprehensive survey of magnetic field perturbations in the solar wind to search for possible signatures of solar wind interaction with dust or gas escaping from the moons. A total of 1246 solar wind disturbance events were identified and their distribution was examined relative to Phobos, the Phobos orbit, and the Deimos orbit. We find that the spatial distribution of solar wind perturbations does not increase near or downstream of Phobos, Phobos’ orbit, or Deimos’ orbit, which would have been expected if there is significant outgassing or dust escape from the martian moons. Of the 1246 magnetic field perturbation events found in the MGS data set, 11 events were found within 2000 km of the Phobos orbit, while three events were found within 2000 km of the Deimos orbit. These events were analyzed in detail and found to likely have other causes than outgassing/dust escape from the martian moons. Thus we conclude that the amount of gas/dust escaping the martian moons is not significant enough to induce detectable magnetic field perturbations in the solar wind. In essence we have not found any clear evidence in the MGS magnetic field data for outgassing or dust escape from the martian moons.  相似文献   

The opposition and tilt effects of Saturn’s rings from HST observations     

Heikki Salo  Richard G. French 《Icarus》2010,210(2):785-816

The two major factors contributing to the opposition brightening of Saturn’s rings are (i) the intrinsic brightening of particles due to coherent backscattering and/or shadow hiding on their surfaces, and (ii) the reduced interparticle shadowing when the solar phase angle α → 0°. We utilize the extensive set of Hubble Space Telescope observations (Cuzzi, J.N., French, R.G., Dones, L. [2002]. Icarus 158, 199–223) for different elevation angles B and wavelengths λ to disentangle these contributions. We assume that the intrinsic contribution is independent of B, so that any B dependence of the phase curves is due to interparticle shadowing, which must also act similarly for all λ’s. Our study complements that of Poulet et al. (Poulet, F., Cuzzi, J.N., French, R.G., Dones, L. [2002]. Icarus 158, 224), who used a subset of data for a single B ∼ 10°, and the French et al. (French, R.G., Verbiscer, A., Salo, H., McGhee, C.A., Dones, L. [2007b] PASP 119, 623–642) study for the B ∼ 23° data set that included exact opposition. We construct a grid of dynamical/photometric simulation models, with the method of Salo and Karjalainen (Salo and Karjalainen [2003]. Icarus 164, 428–460), and use these simulations to fit the elevation-dependent part of opposition brightening. Eliminating the modeled interparticle component yields the intrinsic contribution to the opposition effect: for the B and A rings it is almost entirely due to coherent backscattering; for the C ring, an intraparticle shadow hiding contribution may also be present.Based on our simulations, the width of the interparticle shadowing effect is roughly proportional to B. This follows from the observation that as B decreases, the scattering is primarily from the rarefied low filling factor upper ring layers, whereas at larger B’s the dense inner parts are visible. Vertical segregation of particle sizes further enhances this effect. The elevation angle dependence of interparticle shadowing also explains most of the B ring tilt effect (the increase of brightness with elevation). From comparison of the magnitude of the tilt effect at different filters, we show that multiple scattering can account for at most a 10% brightness increase as B → 26°, whereas the remaining 20% brightening is due to a variable degree of interparticle shadowing. The negative tilt effect of the middle A ring is well explained by the the same self-gravity wake models that account for the observed A ring azimuthal brightness asymmetry (Salo, H., Karjalainen, R., French, R.G. [2004]. Icarus 170, 70–90; French, R.G., Salo, H., McGhee, C.A., Dones, L. [2007]. Icarus 189, 493–522).  相似文献   

Hydrodynamical simulations of viscous overstability in Saturn’s rings     

Henrik N. Latter  Gordon I. Ogilvie 《Icarus》2010,210(1):318-329

We perform axisymmetric hydrodynamical simulations that describe the nonlinear outcome of the viscous overstability in dense planetary rings. These simulations are particularly relevant for Cassini observations of fine-scale structure in Saturn’s A and B-ring, which take the form of periodic microstructure on the 0.1 km scale, and irregular larger-scale variations on 1-10 km. Nonlinear wavetrains dominate all the simulations, and we associate them with the observed periodic microstructure. The waves can undergo small chaotic fluctuations in their phase and amplitude, and may be punctuated by more formidable ‘wave defects’ distributed on longer scales. It is unclear, however, whether the defects are connected to the irregular larger-scale variations observed by Cassini. The long-term behaviour of the simulations is dominated by the imposed boundary conditions, and more generally by the limitations of the local model we use: the shearing box. When periodic boundary conditions are imposed, the system eventually settles on a uniform travelling wave of a predictable wavelength, while reflecting boundaries, and boundaries with buffer zones, maintain a disordered saturated state. The simulations omit self-gravity, though we examine its influence in future work.  相似文献   

HST observations of azimuthal asymmetry in Saturn's rings     

Richard G. French  Heikki Salo  Luke Dones 《Icarus》2007,189(2):493-522

From 378 Hubble Space Telescope WFPC2 images obtained between 1996-2004, we have measured the detailed nature of azimuthal brightness variations in Saturn's rings. The extensive geometric coverage, high spatial resolution (), and photometric precision of the UBVRI images have enabled us to determine the dependence of the asymmetry amplitude and longitude of minimum brightness on orbital radius, ring elevation, wavelength, solar phase angle, and solar longitude. We explore a suite of dynamical models of self-gravity wakes for two particle size distributions: a single size and a power law distribution spanning a decade in particle radius. From these N-body simulations, we calculate the resultant wake-driven brightness asymmetry for any given illumination and viewing geometry. The models reproduce many of the observed properties of the asymmetry, including the shape and location of the brightness minimum and the trends with ring elevation and solar longitude. They also account for the “tilt effect” in the A and B rings: the change in mean ring brightness with effective ring opening angle, |Beff|. The predicted asymmetry depends sensitively on dynamical ring particle properties such as the coefficient of restitution and internal mass density, and relatively weakly on photometric parameters such as albedo and scattering phase function. The asymmetry is strongest in the A ring, reaching a maximum amplitude A∼25% near a=128,000 km. Here, the observations are well-matched by an internal particle density near 450 kg m⁻³ and a narrow particle size distribution. The B ring shows significant asymmetry (∼5%) in regions of relatively low optical depth (τ∼0.7). In the middle and outer B ring, where τ?1, the asymmetry is much weaker (∼1%), and in the C ring, A<0.5%. The asymmetry diminishes near opposition and at shorter wavelengths, where the albedo of the ring particles is lower and multiple-scattering effects are diminished. The asymmetry amplitude varies strongly with ring elevation angle, reaching a peak near |Beff|=10° in the A ring and at |Beff|=15-20° in the B ring. These trends provide an estimate of the thickness of the self-gravity wakes responsible for the asymmetry. Local radial variations in the amplitude of the asymmetry within both the A and B rings are probably caused by regional differences in the particle size distribution.  相似文献   

基于无人机影像的无瓣海桑单木提取与地上生物量估算     

余楚滢  龚辉  曹晶晶  刘燕君  刘凯 《热带地理》2023,43(1):12-22

无瓣海桑(Sonneratia apetala)是中国红树林恢复种植最早引进的优质红树树种,其生产力在红树林群落中处于较高水平,具有显著的高生物量和能量积累。然而,由于红树林群落冠层密集、结构复杂,精确描绘无瓣海桑的单木树冠存在极大挑战性。传统的卫星遥感侧重于区域或更大尺度监测需求,而新兴的低空无人机遥感在更精细尺度的红树林生态监测中具有显著优势。以广东省珠海市淇澳岛红树林自然保护区为研究区,利用消费级无人机影像生成的冠层高度模型(Canopy Height Model, CHM)和种子区域生长(Seed Region Growing, SRG)算法进行无瓣海桑单木树冠提取,并建立基于地面调查数据获取的树高和胸径两者之间的回归关系,以优化无瓣海桑地上生物量异速生长方程,进而实现研究区单木尺度的无瓣海桑地上生物量估算。结果表明：基于无人机影像可以有效提取无瓣海桑单木树冠,其提取精度达到67%;验证了树高和胸径之间较高的相关性,提出了基于树高的无瓣海桑地上生物量异速生长方程;研究区无瓣海桑平均地上生物量的范围为2.99～247.24 t/hm²,平均值为92.14 t...  相似文献   

采用非线性决策树的学生课堂教学满意度研究     

盖秋艳  吴倩  向武  吴锡 《成都信息工程学院学报》2014,29(4):394-399

学生反馈是评估高等院校课堂教学质量的重要指标。目前,对学生反馈的问卷仅进行主观理解和简单统计,无法提供准确定量的分析和支持依据。使用非线性决策树,对近3年本科必修双语课程《数字图像处理》的学生评教问卷进行数据挖掘,首先将其分成3类和10个不同输入,然后通过数据预处理、模型选择和建模,最后构建树状模型对其进行分析。分析结果符合对于该课程学生反应和争议较大的问题预期,为课程设计提供定量有效的教学分析工具。  相似文献   

基于ENVI 的唐山湾三岛土地利用遥感分类方法的比较分析   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

付佳  黄海军  杨曦光 《海洋科学》2014,38(1):20-26

对唐山湾三岛2010年10月10 m分辨率的SPOT5多光谱数据源,采用不同分类方法进行识别和判断,并对比不同分类器在遥感影像分类中的应用效果和分类精度。有针对性地探究海岛土地利用遥感分类过程中不同方法的优劣,获取最适于岛陆地区土地利用的遥感分类方法。根据土地利用现状分类标准(GB/T21010-2007)和海岛陆域土地利用类型划分的相关规定,将唐山湾三岛主要分为滩涂、裸地、林地、草地、居住区、内陆水体和潮间带(潮水覆盖区)6类。并分别构建结合人为控制的非监督分类、监督分类和基于专家知识的决策树分类系统,参照更高分辨率影像、先验知识和野外调查资料,评价分类结果与实地调查结果的吻合程度,最终通过总体分类精度和Kappa系数等指标对各分类器精度进行评价和对比分析。  相似文献   

结合地形因子与分层策略的喀斯特地区无人机影像分类     

贾煜  汪泓  蔡宏  张磊 《测绘通报》2022,(2):121-127

西南喀斯特山区地形起伏较大,地物分布较为破碎,致使传统的光谱特征一次分类方法的精度较低。本文基于高分辨率无人机正射影像和地形指标,充分利用无人机遥感影像空间特征、光谱特征、纹理特征及地形特征,采取面向对象CART决策树算法与分层策略提取了研究区土地覆盖类型。研究表明,结合空间地形因子和分层策略的方法减少了破碎区地物间的相干扰,故具有较高的分类精度,总体分类精度达91.2%,Kappa系数为0.87,较传统一次分类精度提高了9.8%,Kappa系数提高了0.13。该方法对西南喀斯特地区土地覆盖解译精度较好,可为土地利用监测提供参考。  相似文献   

树轮地貌学重建滑坡事件研究进展   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

洪婷  白世彪  王建 《地质论评》2014,60(4):755-764

树轮地貌学以其定年准确、分辨率高和时间跨度长等特点在地表过程的研究中具有极其重要的作用。树木年轮可以作为一个可靠的工具来获得滑坡过去活动的历史证据,进而解释现在正在发生的并窥探滑坡的变形信息。本文对国内外树轮地貌学方法在滑坡事件研究中的现状和取得的成果进行总结,重点阐释了树轮地貌学的原理和树轮地貌学重建滑坡活动迹象与时空分布的研究进展,并讨论了该方法存在的不足,展望了我国利用树轮地貌学开展滑坡事件研究的前景。  相似文献   

学科树视角下地理学和建筑学人居环境研究比较   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

朱梅    汪德根 《地理学报》2022,77(4):795-817

本文从学科树视角比较分析地理学和建筑学的人居环境研究进展。首先,梳理研究脉络,指出两个学科具有相同的“树根”（即五大系统和五大层次）、“树干”（即九大主题和八大尺度）和“树枝”（即33个研究领域）,以及相异的“树叶”（即各领域数量迥异的研究成果）。其次,比较研究成果特点,发现两个学科成果差异明显,表现为在适宜性等6个二级主题上,地理学成果较多,建筑学成果较少;在规划等6个二级主题和建筑尺度上,建筑学成果较多,地理学成果较少;在空间格局等12个二级主题和城市等6个尺度上,两个学科成果均较多,但侧重点不同;在行为二级主题和全球尺度上,两个学科成果均较少,但侧重点不同。最后,剖析学科成果差异的生成逻辑,并展望未来进路。学科成果差异的逻辑起点是学科门类差异,逻辑链条是“学科门类—学科特性—研究主体—研究偏好—研究范式—研究成果”的差异传导机制,其中研究范式差异是链条中的重要环节。未来人居环境研究应促进框架延伸化、主题展拓化、尺度统筹化、数据多源化、方法混合化等范式提升,同时回应全球化、美好人居、突发事件、跨学科等现实需求。  相似文献