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21.
A probabilistic view of debris flow 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
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选取云南高原向贵州高原过渡地带上的乌江南源——贵州省三岔河上游流域作为研究对象，分别提取其流域内的花渔洞地下河流域与三塘地下河流域的地形指标，分析两者的流量衰减现状，并探讨了岩溶地表形态和岩溶含水介质结构之间的关系。结果显示:（1）花渔洞地下河流域的平均起伏度为73.2 m，可分为高起伏度的Ⅰ区（均值122 m）和低起伏度的Ⅱ区（均值64 m）两个区，其分别占整个流域面积的14.9%和85.1%；三塘地下河流域的平均起伏度为87.6 m，可分为高起伏度的Ⅰ区（均值106 m）、中起伏度的Ⅱ区（均值81 m）和低起伏度的Ⅲ区（均值48 m）三个区，其分别占流域面积的40.2%，49.7%和10.1%；（2）花渔洞地下河流域各阶段的衰减系数为0.000 3，0.000 1，0.000 06（0.5 h）-1，总蓄水量达2 199.356×104 m3，各亚动态蓄水量分别占总蓄水量的0.1%，9.9%、90.0%；三塘地下河流域各阶段的衰减系数为0.001、0.000 3、0.000 1（0.5 h）-1，总蓄水量为2 310.902×104 m3，各亚动态蓄水量分别占总蓄水量的9.4%、30.8%、59.8%。这表明地面起伏度和衰减动态之间可能存在着关联性，即高起伏度对应岩溶发育强烈的管道流，低起伏度对应导水通道较小的裂隙、溶隙等含水层。 相似文献
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This paper investigates the origin and geomorphic evolution of Stillerust Vlei, a 189 ha wetland located approximately 150 km northwest of Durban in the temperate submontane foothills of the KwaZulu‐Natal Drakensberg Mountains. The investigation confirms the findings of previous research on the arid to semi‐arid South African interior, which established that many floodplain wetlands in eastern South Africa are located upstream of resistant rock barriers (dolerite intrusions) that cross river courses and form stable local base levels. Upstream of these barriers, rivers laterally plane less resistant Karoo sedimentary rocks (sandstones, mudstones), creating broad, low gradient valleys conducive to the formation of floodplain wetlands. In addition, the study examines how local levee and alluvial ridge accretion on the floodplain of Stillerust Vlei has impounded a small tributary valley, and drawing on observations of similar wetlands in the region, the paper explains the origin and geomorphic evolution of wetlands in floodplain‐abutting valleys, and associated streams that commonly become discontinuous toward their confluence with the trunk (floodplain) river. Controls on the origin and geomorphic evolution of Stillerust Vlei are placed within the context of slope‐channel decoupling and (dis)connectivity in sediment delivery, illustrating that wetlands are environments of deposition. As a result of dynamic trunk‐tributary relations, Stillerust Vlei holds a diversity of geomorphic features, and thus provides potential habitat for a diversity of biota. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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The blocking or reversing effect of the downstream trunk river on its tributary lakes is an essential aspect of river-lake hydraulics. To measure how and the extent to which a trunk river can influence its tributary lakes, we made a case study in Changjiang River and one of its tributary lakes, Lake East Dongting (Lake ED) during a 35-year study period (1980–2014). Specifically, we investigated Lake ED’s discharge ability into Changjiang River using stage-discharge relationship curves, and hence the changes of the lake discharge ability under different hydrologic conditions of the Changjiang River. The results show that (1) the Changjiang River does exert a huge impact on the water regimes of Lake ED. And this impact varies seasonally. A variation of 3000 m3/s in Changjiang River’s runoff would change the lake water level by about 1.1 m in dry seasons, by 0.4 m in wet seasons, and by 0.6 m during severe summer floods. (2) Changes in the Changjiang River runoff triggered by the Three Gorges Dam since 2003 have led to dramatic water regime variations in Lake ED. Other factors, including reduction of lake inflow and the lake bed erosion, also exacerbated the water regime variations in Lake ED. 相似文献
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Lasafam Iturrizaga 《山地科学学报》2008,5(1):1-16
The Kvíárjokull,a southern outlet glacier of the Vatnajokull,is confined in the mountain foreland by lateral moraines measuring a height of up to 150 m. Each of the lateral moraines shows considerable breaches with deviations of the main moraine ridges. The paper discusses the possible origins of these modifications of the lateral moraines as result of： 1） ice overlappings during glacier advances and subsequent breaches of the lateral moraine,2） bifurcations of the Kvíárjokull glacier tongue triggered by the preglacial relief conditions and the prehistorical moraine landscape leading to afflux conditions,3） drainage of ice-marginal glacier lakes and 4. volcanic activities,such as lava flows and volcanic-induced jokulhlaups. A historic-genetic model of the formation of the lateral moraines is presented considering the breaches in the lateral moraines as result from glacier bifurcations and therefore as former tributary tongue basins. Such breaches in the lateral moraines are also common landscape features at glaciers outside of Iceland and are from wider importance for the paleoreconstruction of former glacier stages. The knowledge of their development is essential for an adequate relative age classification of individual moraine ridges. In regard to the origin of the debris supply areas of the large-sized Kvíárjokull moraines,the resedimentation of prehistoric till deposits by younger glacier advances plays a role in the formation of the lateral moraines apart from englacial and supraglacial sediment transfer processes. 相似文献
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三峡地区城市与河流关系的时空演化研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
主要采用历史文献和城市沿革分析,对314BC-AD2013 年间三峡地区城市与河流关系的时空演变特征进行宏观分析,结果表明：从时间演变看,战国西汉时期,三峡地区城市主要沿长江干流缓慢增长;东汉隋唐时期,三峡地区城市由长江干流向支流迅速蔓延;宋元明清时期,三峡地区城市沿长江干流调整稳固;民国以来,三峡地区城市主要依托重庆、宜昌两市极化增长;唐代是三峡地区城市发展的分水岭,明清是三峡地区城市格局的成型期,现代则是三峡地区核心城市的极化期。从空间分布看,2300 年来,以城址论,三峡地区共出现过61 个城市,其中71%的城市分布于长江干流沿岸,73%的城市分布于两河交汇处,82%的城市分布于海拔300 m以下的河谷地带,小河流域城市多从河流下游向上游拓展。总体来看,三峡地区的城市发展体现了其由易到难、由低到高、溯江而上的区域开发时序。 相似文献
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图像法作为国际地科联唯一推荐的粒度分析方法,长期受制于样本量不足的问题。基于新型快速成像和处理技术的动态图像法可在短时间内为样品建立海量颗粒的粒度粒形数据库,为天然沉积物粒度特征的直观表达开辟了广阔前景。本文以金沙江巧家段右岸支沟冲积扇沉积物为研究对象,对4个沉积剖面20个样品进行动态图像粒度分析,建立样品颗粒图像数据库,计算颗粒6种粒径,包括等效投影圆面积径(等积径),弗雷德(Feret)径三种(最大、最小和均值)以及最小外接矩形径两种(最大和最小)等,并与激光(衍射/散射)法测试结果进行对比。结果表明:①图像法所获6种粒径的中值粒径和均值粒径均较激光法粗,分选性较激光法优。②消除量程差异后的对比结果表明,激光法所测均值粒径仅为真实均值粒径(图像法结果)的3/10～1/2左右(差值为0.68～1.78φ);这种偏离可能与天然沉积物的多矿物属性和不规则性有关。③两种测试方法所获结果均能反映相同的剖面沉积物粒度相对变化趋势,在传统的沉积环境判别准则下均能反映基本一致的动力条件和堆积环境。这些认识为图像法粒度分析技术的应用和推广提供了技术支撑和解释依据。 相似文献
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三峡水库蓄水后在狭长的库岸线上形成了数目众多的库湾,库湾特殊的生态特点及不同支流库湾生态特征的差异使其成为三峡水库生态研究的焦点.本文研究了2006年4月—2007年1月三峡水库各主要支流库湾轮虫季节性的周年生态特征,结果显示三峡水库支流库湾轮虫种类组成丰富,共采集到轮虫18科33属67种,其中针簇多肢轮虫、螺形龟甲轮虫、暗小异尾轮虫为主要优势种类.轮虫的种类组成和种类数具有明显的季节和空间差异,夏季种类多、冬季种类少;轮虫种类数相近或一致的季节或库湾,其种类组成并不一致.轮虫的密度也有明显的季节和空间差异,密度的季节变化主要表现为夏季高、春秋次之、冬季低,且相差较大;库湾间轮虫密度的空间差异夏季表现最为显著,密度最高为夏季的黄金河库湾,达4481.67ind·L-1.三峡水库狭长,各支流库湾生态特点复杂,轮虫的生态特征表现出时空差异;不同淹没状态的库湾存在显著差异,已淹没的库湾种类和密度都较未淹没的高,显示蓄水改变了支流库湾轮虫的生态状况. 相似文献
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This paper is a discussion of Rhoads and Kenworthy (1998) ‘Time-averaged flow structure in the central region of a stream confluence’ Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 23 , 171–191, that focuses upon the methods used to identify secondary circulation in river channel confluences. It argues that the Rozovskii method that Rhoads and Kenworthy use to rotate their field data to allow identification of secondary circulation cells is flawed, and can result in misleading conclusions about the nature of flow processes in confluences. It recommends that there is a re-emphasis upon helical as opposed to secondary circulation, and that recent developments in both field monitoring and numerical modelling may help significantly in this respect. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献