生物土壤结皮对一年生植物影响研究进展     

陈孟晨  张景光  刘立超  冯丽  滕嘉玲 《中国沙漠》2017,37(3):483-490

生物土壤结皮在荒漠地区广泛分布,它的形成和演替深刻地改变了土壤表层的结构特征和理化性质,进而影响了荒漠地区一年生植物的种子传播、萌发、幼苗存活及生长过程。本文回顾了国内外有关生物土壤结皮对一年生植物影响的研究,综述了生物土壤结皮对一年生植物的土壤种子库、种子萌发、幼苗存活及生长过程的影响,分析了各研究结论中存在争议的原因,总结了生物土壤结皮对一年生植物种子传播、萌发、幼苗存活及生长影响的内在机理,指出了生物土壤结皮对荒漠地区植被组成的筛选作用,并对进一步的研究进行了展望。  相似文献   

An advanced numerical model of elastomeric seismic isolation bearings   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1       下载免费PDF全文

Manish Kumar  Andrew S. Whittaker  Michael C. Constantinou 《地震工程与结构动力学》2014,43(13):1955-1974

The nuclear accident at Fukushima Daiichi in March 2011 has led the nuclear community to consider seismic isolation for new large light water and small modular reactors to withstand the effects of beyond design basis loadings, including extreme earthquakes. The United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission is sponsoring a research project that will quantify the response of low damping rubber (LDR) and lead rubber (LR) bearings under loadings associated with extreme earthquakes. Under design basis loadings, the response of an elastomeric bearing is not expected to deviate from well‐established numerical models, and bearings are not expected to experience net tension. However, under extended or beyond design basis shaking, elastomer shear strains may exceed 300% in regions of high seismic hazard, bearings may experience net tension, the compression and tension stiffness will be affected by isolator lateral displacement, and the properties of the lead core in LR bearings will degrade in the short‐term because of substantial energy dissipation. New mathematical models of LDR and LR bearings are presented for the analysis of base isolated structures under design and beyond design basis shaking, explicitly considering both the effects of lateral displacement and cyclic vertical and horizontal loading. These mathematical models extend the available formulations in shear and compression. Phenomenological models are presented to describe the behavior of elastomeric isolation bearings in tension, including the cavitation and post‐cavitation behavior. The elastic mechanical properties make use of the two‐spring model. Strength degradation of LR bearing under cyclic shear loading due to heating of lead core is incorporated. The bilinear area reduction method is used to include variation of critical buckling load capacity with lateral displacement. The numerical models are coded in OpenSees, and the results of numerical analysis are compared with test data. The effect of different parameters on the response is investigated through a series of analyses. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

天津市典型老旧民居抗震能力分析     

姚新强  陈宇坤  杨绪连  高武平 《震灾防御技术》2014,9(2):280-288

本文对天津市典型老旧民居进行了抗震能力分析,介绍了它们的结构形式,抗震性能。并根据相应的规范和标准,对其中一幢民居楼进行了抗震能力分析和鉴定。研究表明,在遭受Ⅶ度小震时,顶层中等破坏;Ⅷ度中震时,顶层严重破坏;Ⅸ度大震时,顶层倒塌。建议尽快进行抗震加固。本文指出了抗震薄弱环节,并给出了抗震加固措施。本文可为天津市典型老旧民居的抗震加固提供科学依据和技术支持。  相似文献   

Relative pollen productivities of typical steppe species in northern China and their potential in past vegetation reconstruction     

XU QingHai  CAO XianYong  TIAN Fang  ZHANG ShengRui  LI YueCong  LI ManYue  LI Jie  LIU YaoLiang  LIANG Jian 《中国科学:地球科学(英文版)》2014,57(6):1254-1266

The Relative Pollen Productivities(RPPs)of common steppe species are estimated using Extended R-value(ERV)model based on pollen analysis and vegetation survey of 30 surface soil samples from typical steppe area of northern China.Artemisia,Chenopodiaceae,Poaceae,Cyperaceae,and Asteraceae are the dominant pollen types in pollen assemblages,reflecting the typical steppe communities well.The five dominant pollen types and six common types(Thalictrum,Iridaceae,Potentilla,Ephedra,Brassicaceae,and Ulmus)have strong wind transport abilities;the estimated Relevant Source Area of Pollen(RSAP)is ca.1000 m when the sediment basin radius is set at 0.5 m.Ulmus,Artemisia,Brassicaceae,Chenopodiaceae,and Thalictrum have relative high RPPs;Poaceae,Cyperaceae,Potentilla,and Ephedra pollen have moderate RPPs;Asteraceae and Iridaceae have low RPPs.The reliability test of RPPs revealed that most of the RPPs are reliable in past vegetation reconstruction.However,the RPPs of Asteraceae and Iridaceae are obviously underestimated,and those of Poaceae,Chenopodiaceae,and Ephedra are either slightly underestimated or slightly overestimated,suggesting that those RPPs should be considered with caution.These RPPs were applied to estimating plant abundances for two fossil pollen spectra(from the Lake Bayanchagan and Lake Haoluku)covering the Holocene in typical steppe area,using the"Regional Estimates of Vegetation Abundance from Large Sites"(REVEALS)model.The RPPs-based vegetation reconstruction revealed that meadow-steppe dominated by Poaceae,Cyperaceae,and Artemisia plants flourished in this area before 6500–5600 cal yr BP,and then was replaced by present typical steppe.  相似文献   

扬子地台北缘锰矿成矿地质特征及找矿方向研究   总被引：8，自引：1，他引：7  

李会民  李智明 《地质与勘探》2005,41(1):18-21

扬子地台北缘与秦岭褶皱系的南缘,自东向西分布着3个三级构造单元.扬子地台北缘多个拉张盆地及陆内同生盆地,对锰矿的空间分布具有重要的控制作用,形成了巴山锰矿带、南秦岭锰矿带和摩天岭锰矿带.各锰矿带在锰矿成矿地质条件等方面既具有相同之处,又具有各自的特点.文章通过对各成矿带锰矿成矿地质特征和典型矿床调查与分析研究,对锰矿成矿规律提出了一些新的认识,并对该区今后锰矿找矿方向提出了初步认识.  相似文献   

北方草原区主要群落类型表土花粉分析   总被引：38，自引：2，他引：36  

许清海  李月丛  阳小兰  郑振华 《地理研究》2005,24(3):394-402

建立花粉与现代植被的关系是利用地层沉积物中的花粉记录恢复古植被、古气候研究的基础工作之一。中国北方草原区39个表土花粉研究表明,蒿属、藜科是草原区花粉组合的主要成分,以禾本科为建群种的草原群落花粉组合以蒿属花粉为主,禾本科花粉多低于10%。禾本科花粉的低代表性可能与其分蘖繁殖、花粉产量低有关。草原区表土花粉浓度与植被盖度相关不明显。典型草原与荒漠草原花粉组合存在着明显的区别,典型草原区藜科花粉百分比一般低于25%,荒漠草原区一般高于25%。DCA分析表明,草原区针叶树、莎草科、石竹科花粉代表较湿润的环境,蒿、藜科、锦鸡儿、柽柳、白刺花粉代表较干燥的环境,阔叶树、禾本科、菊科、毛茛科、蓼科、豆科、唇形科(百里香)、虎榛子+榛、蔷薇科花粉代表的环境介于前两组之间。DCA分析用于草原区花粉组合研究具有较好的环境指示意义。  相似文献   

科尔沁沙地典型区域地表环境变化与气候变化的响应关系     

马龙  刘廷玺 《冰川冻土》2009,31(6)

以科尔沁沙地阿古拉苏木为典型代表区域, 应用1987-2006年20 a间12幅遥感影像及相应气候数据, 分析了地表环境变化与气候变化间的响应关系, 提出了表征响应敏感程度、影响程度大小排序的气候因子影响指数(CFII). 结果表明: 近20 a研究区地表环境变化表现为不断恶化的趋势. 各类地表环境变化与气候因子变化间有着良好的响应关系, 各类气候因子变化以不同方式和过程不同程度地影响着地表环境的变化. 响应敏感度最大, 即对地表环境变化影响最大的是相对湿度, 其次为降水量和蒸发量. 水分条件是制约干旱半干旱地区地表环境变化的主导因素.  相似文献   

甘肃酒西盆地早白垩世两种Elatides化石微细构造     

董重  陈军林  杜宝霞  徐小慧  何雨栗  戴静  孙柏年 《吉林大学学报(地球科学版)》2013,43(3):833-844

现已绝灭的古老松柏类植物似纵属Elatides在中生代北半球中高纬度植被组成研究上具有重要意义。甘肃酒西盆地早白垩世地层中发现了Elatides的营养枝和雌球果,并保存有较好的碳膜,对它们进行了详细的宏观形态和微细特征研究。根据营养枝、叶角质层、花粉、球果、苞鳞和种子的特征,鉴定这些化石为2个种：Elatides harrisii Chow和Elatides curvifolia (Dunker) Nathorst。其中：Elatides harrisii的突出特征是,花粉球形且具乳状小突起、表面光滑无纹饰,侧面观具褶皱;Elatides Curvifolia的显著特点为,着生于苞鳞腹面基部的种鳞先端三裂,具三枚胚珠。这些特征与现生杉木Cunninghamia非常相似,推论Elatides与现生Cunninghamia可能具有亲缘关系。通过对Elatides地质历史和地理分布的研究,发现该属的演化方向与中生代大陆漂移的方向具可比性,因而为板块构造学说提供了又一古生物学佐证。  相似文献   

福建永安坂头组植物及古气候分析   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

戴静  孙柏年  谈树成  高博  赵志芳  王永栋 《吉林大学学报(地球科学版)》2013,43(1):155-168

分析了福建永安盆地早白垩世坂头植物群的组成特征。共计报道该植物群化石24属52种左右,包括未定种以及存疑种21个。植物群的组成以具鳞片状叶的松柏类化石为主,苏铁类化石次之,并以本内苏铁目占绝对优势,然后是真蕨类化石,以小羽片小而质厚为特征,银杏化石及其少见,未发现被子植物。坂头组植物的组成面貌与欧洲Wealden植物群、日本外带领石植物群,以及我国南方植物区,如浙江、山东等地的早白垩世植物群比较一致,说明坂头组含化石层位年龄为早白垩世早期。坂头组大多数植物主要分布于热带或亚热带地区,具有耐干旱炎热的特点,反映了较干旱而炎热的气候特征。除此之外,还发现少量适宜生活在温凉潮湿气候环境下的植物。根据这些对气候具有指示意义的代表分子在坂头组中的数量以及分布情况,推断永安盆地早白垩世早期气候总体上比较干旱炎热,且伴随有不同程度季节性的潮湿。  相似文献   

Pollen morphology of selected tundra plants from the high Arctic of Ny-(A)lesund, Svalbard     

YAO Yifeng  ZHAO Qi  BERA Subir  LI Xiaoli  LI Chengsen 《极地研究(英文版)》2012,23(2):103-115

Documenting morphological features of modem pollen is fundamental for the identification of fossil pollen, which will assist researchers to reconstruct the vegetation and climate of a particular geologic period. This paper presents the pollen morphol- ogy of 20 species of tundra plants from the high Arctic of Ny-Alesund, Svalbard, using light and scanning electron microscopy. The plants used in this study belong to 12 families： Brassicaceae, Caryophyllaceae, Cyperaceae, Ericaceae, Juncaceae, Papav- eraceae, Poaceae, Polygonaceae, Ranunculaceae, Rosaceae, Salicaceae, and Scrophulariaceae. Pollen grain shapes included： spher- oidal, subprolate, and prolate. Variable apertural patterns ranged from 2-syncolpate, 3-colpate, 3-（-4）-colpate, 3-（-5）-colpate, 3-colporate, 5-poroid, ulcerate, ulcus to pantoporate. Exine ornamentations comprised psilate, striate-perforate, reticulate, mi- croechinate, microechinate-perforate, scabrate, granulate, and granulate-perforate. This study provided a useful reference for com- parative studies of fossil pollen and for the reconstruction of paleovegetation and paleoclimate in Svalbard region of Arctic.  相似文献