Snow water equivalent estimation in the Mallero basin using snow gauge data and MODIS images and fieldwork validation     

Davide Bavera  Carlo De Michele 《水文研究》2009,23(14):1961-1972

Snow accumulation and ablation rule the temporal dynamics of water availability in mountain areas and cold regions. In these environments, the evaluation of the snow water amount is a key issue. The spatial distribution of snow water equivalent (SWE) over a mountain basin at the end of the snow accumulation season is estimated using a minimal statistical model (SWE‐SEM). This uses systematic observations such as ground measurements collected at snow gauges and snow‐covered area (SCA) data retrieved by remote sensors, here MODIS. Firstly, SWE‐SEM calculates local SWE estimates at snow gauges, then the spatial distribution of SWE over a certain area using an interpolation method; linear regressions of the first two order moments of SWE with altitude. The interpolation has been made by both confining and unconfining the spatial domain by SCA. SWE‐SEM is applied to the Mallero basin (northern Italy) for calculating the snow water equivalent at the end of the winter season for 6 years (2001–2007). For 2007, SWE‐SEM estimates are validated through fieldwork measurements collected during an ‘ad hoc’ campaign on March 31, 2007. Snow‐surveyed measurements are used to check SCA, snow density and SWE estimates. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

TM/ETM+影像大气校正产品质量评价方法研究     

刘耀林  赵翔  马潇雅  刘殿锋 《测绘学报》2012,41(4):549-555

对TM/ETM+的大气校正产品质量进行评价是改进影像质量的必要手段。提出采用已有高质量TM/ETM+表面反射率产品作为参考影像评价TM/ETM+的大气校正产品质量的方法。该方法设计了面向产品质量评价的影像光谱采样方案和多时相遥感影像PIFs(pseudo invariant features,PIFs)样本自动识别方法,能对多时相/季相TM/ETM+大气校正产品质量进行评价。试验表明该方法能准确识别PIFs地物,评价结果真实反映了遥感影像大气校正结果准确度。方法具有快速和低成本等特点,能开展规模化应用。  相似文献   

Mapping the sea surface using a GPS buoy     

Kevin W. Key  Michael E. Parke  George H. Born 《Marine Geodesy》2013,36(1):67-79

On May 22 and 24, 1995, a buoy, designed to float with the water surface and equipped with a GPS antenna, was deployed off the California coast at 16 locations near the Texaco oil platform, Harvest. The purpose of this deployment was threefold:.(1) to demonstrate the ability of this style of buoy to calibrate the TOPEXIPOSEIDON (TIP) altimeter range measurement as it overflew the platform: (2) to demonstrate the ability of the buoy to map the ocean's surface over a 10‐km‐diameter circle surrounding platform Harvest; and (3) to demonstrate the ability of the buoy to measure the sea state accurately. During the 1.6‐h period surrounding the time of the TIP overflight, the buoy‐measured sea level never differed by more than 1.5 cm from the sea level measured by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) acoustic tide gauge on the platform. The good agreement demonstrated the capability of this style of buoy to calibrate altimetric satellites. A paraboloid was fitted to sea level from 16 buoy locations surrounding the platform with a 2.5‐cm rms residual. On a 10‐km‐diameter circle centered on the platform, the paraboloid was within 2.4‐cm rms of the Ohio State University Mean Sea Surface (OSUMSS95). H _u3 values calculated around the overflight times from the GPS buoy vertical positions had a mean difference of 2 cm and a standard deviation of 18 cm from values calculated from the University of Colorado (CU) pressure gauge system. At the time of the overflight, H _u3 was near 2 m, while 3‐m seas were observed by the CU pressure system during measurements later in the day. This experiment demonstrates that a simple wave‐rider buoy design can give comparable accuracies to that of more complex GPS platforms such as the University of Colorado's spar buoy, but is much easier to deploy and capable of being used in more severe weather conditions. Thus, such a buoy and derivative designs have great potential for calibrating altimetric experiments, and for oceanographic and geodetic mapping experiments.  相似文献   

基于西南地区台站降雨资料空间插值方法的比较   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

李金洁  王爱慧 《气候与环境研究》2019,24(1):50-60

以西南地区1996～2000年93个气象台站观测的月均降雨量为基础,对各月降雨量进行空间自相关性,变异特征等空间分析后,采用反距离加权法(IDW)和以不同变异函数模型(指数模型、球面模型、高斯模型)为基础的普通克里金(O-Kriging)两种方法进行空间插值,通过交叉验证结果对两种方法进行分析比对。结果表明:(1)西南地区月均降雨量存在明显的空间集聚现象,并具有显著的空间自相关性和变异特征,可对该研究区域降雨量进行空间插值研究。(2)在O-Kriging插值时,变异函数选用指数模型的效果最好,球面模型次之,高斯模型最差。(3)两种方法对月均降雨量及其极大值和极小值插值时,O-Kriging的插值误差均小于IDW,插值误差整体上与降雨量呈正相关关系。在剔除各月降雨量极大值较为集中的两个站点后进行插值,插值结果的误差均明显降低。(4)对研究区域整体来说,O-Kriging的插值效果优于IDW,但就单个站点来看,结果并非如此。在降雨量的空间插值中,由于研究区域和时间尺度的不同,并不存在绝对的最优方法,应根据实际应用效果选择最适方法。  相似文献   

青藏高原地区大气红外探测器（AIRS）资料质量检验及揭示的上对流层水汽特征   总被引：6，自引：4，他引：2  

占瑞芬  李建平 《大气科学》2008,32(2):242-260

上对流层水汽（UTWV）是大气中最重要的温室气体,对全球气候变暖有重要贡献; 而青藏高原被认为是UTWV进入平流层的重要通道,在平流层－对流层水汽交换及平流层水汽变化中扮演着重要角色。首先利用高原探空站资料对大气红外探测器（AIRS）反演的水汽数据在高原地区的质量进行了检验,发现AIRS反演的水汽数据与探空实测数据是相当一致的。其中全年和夏半年AIRS的可信度较好,而冬半年,尤其是上对流层AIRS水汽可信度相对较低,但在缺乏高精密数据时仍部分可用。利用AIRS资料对青藏高原地区UTWV季节变化特征进行了分析,结果表明,高原冬季偏干,而夏季显著偏湿,并且空间分布具有明显的不均匀性。经验正交函数(EOF)分析显示,夏季高原UTWV主要存在三种空间分布型,即全区一致型,高原东西偶极型和南北带状偶极型。一致型分布具有明显的季节变化,而偶极型则以季节内振荡为主。在此基础上,重点研究夏半年高原地区UTWV季节内振荡特征,结果表明,UTWV季节内振荡的显著周期位于10～20天和30～60天。前者主要表现为纬向东传,并且可以越过高原进入我国江淮流域上空;而后者主要向南移动,基本表现为高原局地振荡。最后,进一步探讨了高原UTWV季节内振荡的可能机制,结果表明,高原地区UTWV的低频变化主要与高原热状况、南亚高压活动及其与二者相耦合的对流活动有关。  相似文献   

初值协调性对模式数值积分结果的影响   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1  

李焕连  李清泉  王兰宁  董敏 《气象科技》2010,38(2):152-158

利用国家气候中心新一代全球大气环流模式BCC_AGCM2.0.1,考虑了初值协调性对模式数值积分结果的影响,进行了两组数值回报试验(简称S1,S2),对27年(1980～2006年)的夏季基本气候态进行了对比分析,并考察了该模式对夏季气候的回报技巧。使用交叉检验的方法,计算了对模式结果的评估参数值,包括时间和空间距平相关系数,对该模式性能进行了评估和检验。结果表明,BCC_AGCM2.0.1对季节尺度的大气环流场具有良好的模拟性能,模式基本上再现了观测位势高度场、温度场、流场的分布特征以及大尺度降水分布特征。500 hPa位势高度、温度空间距平相关系数对比表明,平均而言,500 hPa位势高度、温度的空间距平相关性,热带区域(30°S～30°N)高于东亚区域(0°～60°N,60°E～150°E)和全球区域。回报与观测的降水距平百分率相关系数分布对比表明,试验S2在我国江淮地区及南方地区的回报技巧要明显优于S1。  相似文献   

中国海域MODIS气溶胶光学厚度检验分析   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

邓学良  潘德炉  何冬燕  孙照渤 《南京气象学院学报》2009,32(4):558-564

利用MODIS的Collection 005版本（MODIS—C005）数据的气溶胶光学厚度（AOT）产品,与我国海域多个AERONET观测站点太阳光度计测量得到的AOT结果进行了对比分析,对MODIS_C005数据的气溶胶产品在我国海域进行了验证,并对验证方法进行了探讨。结果表明,MODIS—C005的AOT在我国海域与AERONET站陆基观测到的AOT具有非常好的一致性,相关系数达到0．9以上。通过尝试不同的验证方法,发现验证数据的空间采样窗口大小的选择对于验证效果具有较大的影响,在中国海域可以使用30km×30km的空间采样窗口。通过MODIS—C005的AOT与AERONET站观测值在中国各个海区的比较,证明MODIS—C005的AOT在550nm满足美国NASA的设计要求,误差控制在±0．05±0．057τ,适用于我国海域,可以用于中国海域的气象和海洋等科学研究。  相似文献   

ICESAT/GLAS激光测高原理及其应用   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

文汉江  程鹏飞 《测绘科学》2005,30(5):33-35

本文介绍了ICESAT卫星的基本工作原理,对该卫星上的地学激光测高系统GLAS的测量原理和精度进行了分析,通过GLAS可获得冰原地形及其时变,同时也可对云及大气层的特征有更深入地了解。对GLAS的适用于冰原、冰面、陆地以及海面波形的算法进行了分析,简单介绍了对GLAS测高数据进行检核和校准,并对ICESAT数据在地学研究中的应用进行了探讨。  相似文献   

Modelling soil water dynamics in a forested ecosystem. I: A site specific evaluation     

W. Bouten  M. G. Schaap  D. J. Bakker  J. M. Verstraten 《水文研究》1992,6(4):435-444

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On the problem of model validation for predictive exposure assessments     

M. B. Beck  J. R. Ravetz  L. A. Mulkey  T. O. Barnwell 《Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment (SERRA)》1997,11(3):229-254

The development and use of models for predicting exposures are increasingly common and are essential for many risk assessments of the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Exposure assessments conducted by the EPA to assist regulatory or policy decisions are often challenged to demonstrate their “scientific validity”. Model validation has thus inevitably become a major concern of both EPA officials and the regulated community, sufficiently so that the EPA's Risk Assessment Forum is considering guidance for model validation. The present paper seeks to codify the issues and extensive foregoing discussion of validation with special reference to the development and use of models for predicting the impact of novel chemicals on the environment. Its preparation has been part of the process in formulating a White Paper for the EPA's Risk Assessment Forum. Its subject matter has been drawn from a variety of fields, including ecosystem analysis, surface water quality management, the contamination of groundwaters from high-level nuclear waste, and the control of air quality. The philosophical and conceptual bases of model validation are reviewed, from which it is apparent that validation should be understood as a task of product (or tool) design, for which some form of protocol for quality assurance will ultimately be needed. The commonly used procedures and methods of model validation are also reviewed, including the analysis of uncertainty. Following a survey of past attempts at resolving the issue of model validation, we close by introducing the notion of a model having maximum relevance to the performance of a specific task, such as, for example, a predictive exposure assessment.  相似文献