The Use of Reference Materials: A Tutorial   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：2  

Jean S. Kane 《Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research》2001,25(1):7-22

Any review of the analytical literature shows that, while reference materials are routinely used in laboratories world-wide, not all uses follow ISO Guide 33 (1989), which outlines best practices. Analytical data quality can suffer as a result. This paper reviews the various uses that the geoanalytical community has made of reference materials from a historical perspective, and suggests improvements in practice that would more closely follow ISO Guide 33 recommendations.  相似文献   

Comparison of downward surface solar radiation derived from GMS5/VISSR and of reanalysis products     

Huiling Qin  Yoshimi Kawai  Hiroshi Kawamura 《Journal of Oceanography》2006,62(4):577-586

A high-resolution downward surface solar radiation (DSSR) dataset has been produced using geostationary meteorological satellite measurements. Its validation with in situ observations shows that the daily satellite DSSRs are highly accurate. Comparing the satellite DSSRs with reanalysis DSSR datasets, the former has higher probability density in a low value range, and lower density in a high value range. Overestimations of the reanalysis DSSR are significant in the low range. Correlations between the reanalysis DSSRs and the satellite DSSR are relatively low in the tropics. It is suggested that the satellite DSSRs have good potential to capture cloud behavior in the tropics.  相似文献   

Validated age, growth, and mortality estimates of the ocean quahog (Arctica islandica) in the western Atlantic     

Kilada  Raouf W.; Campana  Steven E.; Roddick  Dale 《ICES Journal of Marine Science》2007,64(1):31-38

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Validation of GLI and other satellite-derived sea surface temperatures using data from the Rottnest Island ferry, Western Australia   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

Ian Barton  Alan Pearce 《Journal of Oceanography》2006,62(3):303-310

An accurate platinum resistance thermometer (PRT) has been installed on a commercial ferry that operates between Hillarys Marina, some 15 km north of Fremantle, and Rottnest Island off the Western Australian coast. The PRT is located in the engine intake system and provides continuous under-way measurements of the bulk sea surface temperature (SST) at a depth of 1 m. The “SeaFlyte” ferry makes the trip to Rottnest Island between 3 and 5 times daily and so a wealth of data is available for comparison with the SST derived using data from the GLI instrument on ADEOS-II. Analyses of the ferry and satellite data confirm the excellent quality of SST estimates from the GLI as well as four other satellite instruments—AVHRR on NOAA-16, AATSR on ENVISAT, and the MODIS instruments on TERRA and AQUA. All satellite instruments showed a comparison standard deviation of better than 0.6°C with GLI being better than 0.4°C. The number of ferry-satellite data coincidences used in this study demonstrates one of the advantages of installing measurement systems on commercial ships that operate regular passenger or freight services rather than infrequent deployments on research vessels. The analyses also demonstrate that satellite-derived SST estimates obtained under low surface wind conditions must be treated with care.  相似文献   

Age determination, validation and growth of Grand Bank yellowtail flounder (Limanda ferruginea)     

Dwyer  Karen S; Walsh  Stephen J; Campana  Steven E 《ICES Journal of Marine Science》2003,60(5):1123-1138

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Geostatistical interpolation of space–time rainfall on Tamshui River basin,Taiwan     

Shin‐Jen Cheng  Huey‐Hong Hsieh  Yu‐Ming Wang 《水文研究》2007,21(23):3136-3145

Taiwan suffers from heavy storm rainfall during the typhoon season. This usually causes large river runoff, overland flow, erosion, landslides, debris flows, loss of power, etc. In order to evaluate storm impacts on the downstream basin, a real‐time hydrological modelling is used to estimate potential hazard areas. This can be used as a decision‐support system for the Emergency Response Center, National Fire Agency Ministry, to make ‘real‐time’ responses and minimize possible damage to human life and property. This study used 34 observed events from 14 telemetered rain‐gauges in the Tamshui River basin, Taiwan, to study the spatial–temporal characteristics of typhoon rainfall. In the study, regionalized theory and cross‐semi‐variograms were used to identify the spatial‐temporal structure of typhoon rainfall. The power form and parameters of the cross‐semi‐variogram were derived through analysis of the observed data. In the end, cross‐validation was used to evaluate the performance of the interpolated rainfall on the river basin. The results show the derived rainfall interpolator represents the observed events well, which indicates the rainfall interpolator can be used as a spatial‐temporal rainfall input for real‐time hydrological modelling. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Assessment of rainfall‐runoff models based upon wavelet analysis     

Stuart N. Lane 《水文研究》2007,21(5):586-607

A basic hypothesis is proposed: given that wavelet‐based analysis has been used to interpret runoff time‐series, it may be extended to evaluation of rainfall‐runoff model results. Conventional objective functions make certain assumptions about the data series to which they are applied (e.g. uncorrelated error, homoscedasticity). The difficulty that objective functions have in distinguishing between different realizations of the same model, or different models of the same system, is that they may have contributed in part to the occurrence of model equifinality. Of particular concern is the fact that the error present in a rainfall‐runoff model may be time dependent, requiring some form of time localization in both identification of error and derivation of global objective functions. We explore the use of a complex Gaussian (order 2) wavelet to describe: (1) a measured hydrograph; (2) the same hydrograph with different simulated errors introduced; and (3) model predictions of the same hydrograph based upon a modified form of TOPMODEL. The analysis of results was based upon: (a) differences in wavelet power (the wavelet power error) between the measured hydrograph and both the simulated error and modelled hydrographs; and (b) the wavelet phase. Power difference and wavelet phase were used to develop two objective functions, RMSE(power) and RMS(phase), which were shown to distinguish between simulated errors and model predictions with similar values of the commonly adopted Nash‐Sutcliffe efficiency index. These objective functions suffer because they do not retain time, frequency or time‐frequency localization. Consideration of wavelet power spectra and time‐ and frequency‐integrated power spectra shows that the impacts of different types of simulated error can be seen through retention of some localization, especially in relation to when and the scale over which error was manifest. Theoretical objections to the use of wavelet analysis for this type of application are noted, especially in relation to the dependence of findings upon the wavelet chosen. However, it is argued that the benefits of localization and the qualitatively low sensitivity of wavelet power and phase to wavelet choice are sufficient to warrant further exploration of wavelet‐based approaches to rainfall‐runoff model evaluation. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

南设得兰群岛次南极电灯鱼(Electrona carlsbergi)鉴龄校验研究          下载免费PDF全文

刘子俊 魏联朱国平  张海亭 《极地研究》2017,29(4):477-485

次南极电灯鱼Electrona carlsbergi为栖息于次南极及南大洋水域并具重要生态作用的中上层鱼类,但目前鲜有关于该鱼种年龄的报道。为了鉴定次南极电灯鱼Electrona carlsbergi的年龄,并确定该鱼种最优鉴龄方法,本研究利用2010年1月27日于南设得兰群岛北部水域采集的59尾次南极电灯鱼,共计73个矢耳石样本,对矢耳石年轮进行了计数,鉴定其年龄,并分别对耳石矢平面、横切面及纵切面进行年轮读取。结果表明,矢平面及纵切面年轮在直射光下不易辨识,副轮及假轮较多,影响年轮鉴定,而横切面年轮较为清晰,因此将直射光下横切面年轮的暗带作为年龄鉴定的依据。年龄鉴定结果显示,3、4龄为优势年龄,占总体的67.80%,其余所占比例较小。利用总吻合率(total concordance,TC)、变异系数(coefficient of variation,CV)及平均百分比误差(average percentage error,APE)三个数据量化两名读者三次年龄判读结果的精确性,TC平均值为50.23%,CV平均值为3.67%,APE平均值为8.60%。对各年龄组利用TC、CV及APE量化其精确性,其结果显示CV与TC呈现出相反的变化趋势,APE则呈先上升而后下降的趋势。利用von Bertalanffy生长模型拟合生长方程,其结果为Lt=7.7154(1–e~(–0.5373(t+2.7807)))。  相似文献   

The choice of the spherical radial basis functions in local gravity field modeling   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

R. Tenzer  R. Klees 《Studia Geophysica et Geodaetica》2008,52(3):287-304

The choice of the optimal spherical radial basis function (SRBF) in local gravity field modelling from terrestrial gravity data is investigated. Various types of SRBFs are considered: the point-mass kernel, radial multipoles, Poisson wavelets, and the Poisson kernel. The analytical expressions for the Poisson kernel, the point-mass kernel and the radial multipoles are well known, while for the Poisson wavelet new closed analytical expressions are derived for arbitrary orders using recursions. The performance of each SRBF in local gravity field modelling is analyzed using real data. A penalized least-squares technique is applied to estimate the gravity field parameters. As follows from the analysis, almost the same accuracy of gravity field modelling can be achieved for different types of the SRBFs, provided that the depth of the SRBFs is chosen properly. Generalized cross validation is shown to be a suitable technique for the choice of the depth. As a good alternative to generalized cross validation, we propose the minimization of the RMS differences between predicted and observed values at a set of control points. The optimal regularization parameter is determined using variance component estimation techniques. The relation between the depth and the correlation length of the SRBFs is established. It is shown that the optimal depth depends on the type of the SRBF. However, the gravity field solution does not change significantly if the depth is changed by several km. The size of the data area (which is always larger than the target area) depends on the type of the SRBF. The point-mass kernel requires the largest data area.  相似文献   

Numerical modeling of centrifuge cyclic lateral pile load experiments   总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2  

Nikos Gerolymos  Sandra Escoffier  George Gazetas  Jacques Garnier 《地震工程与工程振动(英文版)》2009,8(1):61-76

To gain insight into the inelastic behavior of piles, the response of a vertical pile embedded in dry sand and subjected to cyclic lateral loading was studied experimentally in centrifuge tests conducted in Laboratoire Central des Ponts et Chaussées. Three types of cyclic loading were applied, two asymmetric and one symmetric with respect to the unloaded pile. An approximately square-root variation of soil stiffness with depth was obtained from indirect in-flight density measurements, laboratory tests on re...  相似文献