国际河流流域组织研究述评与展望     

张亦弛  曹辉  陈江龙  郑力源  安昭  黄丹奎 《热带地理》2019,39(6):919-930

作为国际河流长期合作开发的重要保障,国际河流流域组织这一联合制度安排备受关注,但参差不齐的绩效表现致使其可行性与有效性引发学者质疑。我国拥有众多国际河流,与之相关的合作开发是中国周边外交的重要抓手,但针对上述问题的研究未能得到国内学者的足够重视。在此背景下,文章首先回顾、梳理了国际河流流域组织的定义与类型,然后重点研判其制度设计特征和有效性,并指明已有研究所面临的方法困境,最后为解开“流域组织如何促进国际河流有效合作”这一难题提出以下研究建议：1）整合国际河流流域组织有效性评价指标并进行全球范围的评价;2）探明国际河流流域组织制度类型所适用的范围与条件;3）厘清不同国际河流流域组织制度设计特征与治理有效性的关系;4）基于过程视角探求国际河流流域组织有效性达成路径;5）采用超越定性与定量研究的新方法;6）立足地缘文明激发国际河流流域组织成员国的文化认同。  相似文献   

Three-dimensional analysis of the screening effectiveness of hollow pile barriers for foundation-induced vertical vibration   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Pei-hsun Tsai  Zheng-yi Feng  Tin-lon Jen 《Computers and Geotechnics》2008,35(3):489-499

The study applies the three-dimensional boundary element method in frequency domain to investigate the screening effectiveness of circular piles in a row for a massless square foundation subject to harmonic vertical loading. Four types of piles were studied: steel pipe piles, concrete hollow piles, concrete solid piles and timber piles. A parametric study was undertaken to examine the effects of pile dimensions, operational frequency, and source distance on the screening effectiveness. The results showed that screening effectiveness of steel pipe piles is generally better than that of solid piles, and that a concrete hollow pile barrier can be ineffective due to its stiffness. The influence of pile length on screening effectiveness is more significant than that of pile spacing and the distance between the vibrating foundation and the pile barrier.  相似文献   

海南省暖云烟炉设置及人工增雨作业条件分析     

何媛  黄彦彬  李春鸾  李光伟 《气象科技》2016,44(6):1043-1052

用地面烟炉开展人工增雨作业的关键环节是作业点附近的上升气流,利用海南省昌江霸王岭、东方玉龙山、乐东付光和五指山毛阳4个烟炉作业点附近的自动站和海口多普勒雷达资料并结合作业点地形特点对烟炉作业点布设条件和作业条件进行了分析,采用高斯模式对催化剂扩散情况进行了数值模拟。结果显示:这4个烟炉作业点均位于一定海拔的迎风坡,可利用上升气流将催化剂带入云中进行催化。综合利用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料、MICAPS资料和雷达数据确定作业时机,开展暖云烟炉人工增雨作业,增雨效果明显。  相似文献   

Model Simulations of Carbon Sequestration in the Northwest Pacific by Direct Injection     

Katsumi?MatsumotoEmail author  Bryan?K.?Mignone 《Journal of Oceanography》2005,61(4):747-760

The direct disposal of CO₂ into the ocean interior represents a possible means to help mitigate rising levels of atmospheric CO₂. Here, we use three different versions of an ocean general circulation model (OGCM) to simulate the direct injection of liquid CO₂ near Tokyo. Our results confirm that direct injection can sequester large amounts of CO₂ from the atmosphere when disposal is made at sufficient depth (80–100% of the carbon injected at 3000 m remains in the ocean after 500 years) but show that the calculated efficiency is rather sensitive to the choice of physical model. Moreover, we show, for the first time in an OGCM and under a reasonable set of economic assumptions, that sequestration effectiveness is quite high for even shallow injections. However, the severe acidification that accompanies injection and the impossibility of effectively monitoring injected plumes argue against the large-scale viability of this technology. Our coarse-grid models show that injection at the rate of 0.1 Pg-C/yr lowers pH near the site of injection by as much as 0.7–1.0 pH-unit. Such pH anomalies would be much larger in more finely gridded models (and in reality) and have potential to severely harm deep-sea organisms. We also show that, after several hundred years, one would effectively need to survey the entire ocean in order to accurately verify the inventory of injected carbon. These results suggest that while retention may be sufficient to justify disposal costs, other practical problems will limit or at best delay widespread deployment of this technology.  相似文献   

Evaluating the effectiveness of road‐crossing drainage culverts in ephemeral streams     

C. Conesa‐García  R. García‐Lorenzo 《水文研究》2013,27(12):1781-1796

The present study proposes a method for evaluating the effectiveness of road‐crossing drainage culverts in ephemeral streams. This approach is focused on estimating the culvert capacity in road–stream crossings and the probable runoff generated on the road from hydrological thresholds associated with hydromorphological criteria. In particular, discharges at bankfull and flood‐prone stages have been used in combination with 2.5 and 100‐year peak discharges. Different hydraulic variables have been considered for calculating the discharge through culverts under these conditions (e.g. tailwater and headwater depth, inlet control, pipe roughness, pipe cross‐area and slope, pipe outlet velocity, critical water depth, and flow rate over the road). Geomorphological factors such as bed stability, bed load transport, and channel roughness have also been considered because of their potential for obstructing the drains in this type of channel. In addition, a potential obstruction index (PI_OBSTR) has been calculated, as a dependent parameter of the obstacle index (I_OBST) and the potential build‐up of coarse sediments (PB_CS). The study has been carried out on the Mediterranean coast in the region of Murcia (Spain), where there are numerous examples of road–stream crossings equipped with culverts in ephemeral channels that could cause highly dangerous situations for road traffic. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

热带雨林景观土壤测量采样深度与样品粒级试验研究——以加纳国雅卡锰金矿为例     

丁兆举 《地质与勘探》2021,57(3):554-562

加纳国雅卡锰金矿床位于著名的阿散蒂金矿带上。在该成矿带进行土壤测量采样深度、样品粒级试验以及方法技术的适应性和有效性研究,可为下一步开展大面积土壤地球化学测量提供技术依据,从而圈定可靠土壤地球化学异常。本文采用的工作方法为土壤垂向剖面法,选择有代表性的地段进行试验研究,结果显示在已知矿上方获得了明显的土壤地球化学异常。通过实验研究,选取土壤测量采样深度60～80 cm,截取样品粒级-4～+20目,获得了可靠、明显的土壤地球化学异常。研究证明该方法具有显著的地球化学找矿效果。  相似文献   

福建周宁水库地面暖云人工增雨作业效果分析     

陈少琴  叶德彪  林长城 《气象科技》2015,43(2):338-342

利用2012年4月至2013年8月期间在福建省周宁水库开展的地面烟炉暖云人工增雨试验资料,结合区域对比试验方法对每次暖云人工增雨作业进行效果评估,探讨暖云人工增雨的作业效果。结果表明：周宁水库开展地面暖云人工增雨作业的平均增雨量为51 mm;在西南暖湿气流影响下的暖云增雨效果最明显;采用多点及多时次暖云人工增雨作业方式,有利于提高人工增雨的作业效果。通过作业效果分析,地面烟炉暖云人工增雨技术适合于南方山区。  相似文献   

四川地震预警网外玛多7.4级地震预警分析研究     

李同林  彭朝勇  李萍萍  马康熙  江鹏  吴朋  王宇航  朱永莉 《中国地震》2021,37(3):551-563

2021年5月22日2时4分青海省玛多县发生M7.4地震。四川地震预警台网成功地处理并产出了本次地震预警结果。本文针对四川地震预警系统产出的8次地震预警处理结果及预警减灾效能进行了分析。此次地震震中距四川地震预警网55km,首台触发后12.19s发布首次预警处理结果,前5次预警处理结果用时距离首台触发时间均小于35s。与正式地震目录对比,第1次预警处理结果震中位置偏差为17.1km,震级偏差为-1.8,盲区半径为121km。随着参与计算台站数量增多,震中位置偏差和震级偏差不断减小,盲区半径不断增大。由于地震破裂时间长和台站限幅等原因,8次预警震级均偏小。本次地震预警的有效获益区为震中距121～324km的环形区域,此区域内减灾效能显著。本次地震预警结果表明,四川地震预警系统在本次地震中预警产出效果较好,对于网外大地震预警有重要参考意义。  相似文献   

中国的气象服务及其效益评估   总被引：8，自引：2，他引：6  

韩颖  蒲希 《气象科学》2010,30(3):420-426

气象事业是科技型、基础性社会公益事业,气象服务是气象事业的出发点和归宿点。首先分析了气象服务的概念,确立了气象服务的内涵与外延以及分类情况,明确了气象服务在整个气象业务体系中的定位,并探讨了气象服务的经济属性。从气象情报信息服务和气象预报信息服务的角度介绍了中国气象信息服务的情况。从人工影响天气技术、农业气象工程服务技术、雷电灾害防御技术介绍了中国气象工程服务及其技术的情况。从多个学科的理论与方法的角度出发,系统的介绍了气象服务效益的主要评估方法和技术,同时介绍了中国目前气象服务效益评估的基本情况。最后,文章针对目前中国气象服务的现状,提出了一些建议。  相似文献   

1/万土壤测量数据拼接实践及其地质意义     

宋茂德  袁平  范馨月 《吉林地质》2006,25(1):6-11,16

从原始数据的处理入手,对不同年度、不同分析单位的分析数据用单一工作区单元素的相应衬值进行拼接后统一求取异常圈定参数。并结合区内的地质单元体、矿体分布、成矿预测等因素对所圈定的异常作了有效性分析。从而使更大范围内综合评价岩石次生晕的分布特征,使其更好地指导地质找矿工作成为可能。  相似文献