围填海对海洋水动力与生态环境的影响   总被引：8，自引：2，他引：6  

林磊  刘东艳  刘哲  高会旺 《海洋学报》2016,38(8):1-11

近10年来,中国海岸带围填海活动呈现出规模大、速度快的发展态势。围填海能带来显著的经济效益,但对海洋环境与生态的负面影响也不可忽视。针对围填海对海洋环境和生态的影响及作用机制,分别从水动力和生态系统两个方面进行了概述。围填海改变了海洋的自然几何属性(原始岸线、地形地貌、海湾面积),引起水动力环境的变化(潮汐系统和海湾水交换能力),进而影响了海湾的环境容量;围填海破坏了生物栖息地、导致生物多样性的丧失,影响到生态系统结构与功能的稳定性;水动力与生物多样性的变化可显著影响到生物地球化学过程,加速富营养化进程,恶化水质,增加生态灾害风险。目前,围填海后的生态修复策略主要有增加生物量、建设自然保护区、退陆还海3种方式;而生态补偿策略则多基于“生态系统服务功能与生境面积的大小为线性关系”,通过对其经济价值的量化后进行生态补偿与实施相关政策。国际上,生态系统服务功能的量化参数逐步纳入实际管理,并在线性关系研究的基础上,逐步纳入一些非线性的理念,使生态补偿机制更为合理化;而我国对于围填海生态效应的定量化研究及科学理论在管理政策中的实际应用仍亟待提高。整体而言,全面、准确地评估围填海对海洋环境与生态的影响离不开自然科学与社会科学的交叉与融合。  相似文献   

Cutting of Phragmites australis as a lake restoration technique: Productivity calculation and nutrient removal in Wuliangsuhai Lake, northern China     

Jan Felix K&#;bbing  Niels Thevs  Stefan Zerbe 《寒旱区科学》2016,8(5):400-410

Reed is one of the most frequent and dominant species in wetlands all over the world, with common reed (Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud.) as the most widely distributed species. In many wetlands, P. australis plays a highly ambivalent role. On the one hand, in many wetlands it purifies wastewater, provides habitat for numerous species, and is a potentially valuable raw material, while on the other hand it is an invasive species which expands aggressively, prevents fishing, blocks ditches and waterways, and builds monospecies stands. This paper uses the eutrophic reed-swamp of Wuliangsuhai Lake in Inner Mongolia, northern China, as a case to present the multiple benefits of regular reed cutting. The reed area and aboveground biomass production are calculated based on field data. Combined with data about water and reed nutrient content, the impact of reed cutting on the lake nutrient budget (N and P) is investigated. Currently, at this lake around 100,000 tons of reed are harvested in winter annually, removing 16% and 8% of the total nitrogen and phosphorus influx, respectively. Harvesting all available winter reed could increase the nutrient removal rates to 48% and 24%, respectively. We also consider the effects of summer harvesting, in which reed biomass removal could overcompensate for the nutrient influx but could potentially reduce reed regrowth.  相似文献   

Very high CO2 exchange fluxes at the peak of the rainy season in a West African grazed semi-arid savanna ecosystem     

Torbern Tagesson  Jonas Ardö  Idrissa Guiro  Ford Cropley  Cheikh Mbow  Stephanie Horion 《Geografisk tidskrift / udgivet af Bestyrelsen for Det Kongelige danske geografiske selskab》2016,116(2):93-109

Africa is a sink of carbon, but there are large gaps in our knowledge regarding the CO₂ exchange fluxes for many African ecosystems. Here, we analyse multi-annual eddy covariance data of CO₂ exchange fluxes for a grazed Sahelian semi-arid savanna ecosystem in Senegal, West Africa. The aim of the study is to investigate the high CO₂ exchange fluxes measured at the peak of the rainy season at the Dahra field site: gross primary productivity and ecosystem respiration peaked at values up to ?48 μmol CO₂ m^?2 s^?1 and 20 μmol CO₂ m^?2 s^?1, respectively. Possible explanations for such high fluxes include a combination of moderately dense herbaceous C4 ground vegetation, high soil nutrient availability and a grazing pressure increasing the fluxes. Even though the peak net CO₂ uptake was high, the annual budget of ?229 ± 7 ± 49 g C m^?2 y^?1 (±random errors ± systematic errors) is comparable to that of other semi-arid savanna sites due the short length of the rainy season. An inter-comparison between the open-path and a closed-path infrared sensor indicated no systematic errors related to the instrumentation. An uncertainty analysis of long-term NEE budgets indicated that corrections for air density fluctuations were the largest error source (11.3% out of 24.3% uncertainty). Soil organic carbon data indicated a substantial increase in the soil organic carbon pool for the uppermost .20 m. These findings have large implications for the perception of the carbon sink/source of Sahelian ecosystems and its response to climate change.  相似文献   

微山湖流域高氟地下水的成因分析     

刘春华  王威  卫政润  尚浩  张卓 《地球学报》2018,39(3):351-357

依据2006—2016年间采集的区内475件地下水无机分析数据以及钻探岩心易溶盐测试数据,详细研究了微山湖流域高氟地下水的分布特征和富集机制。结果表明:微山湖流域高氟地下水的分布有明显的东西分区特征,湖西冲积、湖积平原区有大范围的高氟地下水,在深度0—40 m的浅层孔隙地下水中,氟含量以1~2 mg/L为主,仅现代黄河影响带地下水氟含量小于1 mg/L,金乡、单县、嘉祥局部超过3 mg/L,最大值9.5 mg/L;在深度150—400 m的深层孔隙地下水中,氟含量以1~1.5 mg/L为主,菏泽—单县条带氟含量超过2 mg/L,最大值3.5 mg/L。微山湖东冲积、洪积平原浅层孔隙地下水、深层岩溶地下水氟含量均小于1 mg/L。湖西冲积、湖积平原沉积物中可溶性氟含量随深度增加而降低。微山湖流域湖西高氟地下水形成受物质来源、淋滤和蒸发浓缩等三方面因素共同控制,CaF_2的溶解平衡是控制地下水F–含量的重要因素。  相似文献   

黑龙江省兴凯湖自然保护区生态系统固碳服务功能评价     

肖红叶  戴慧敏  杨泽  刘国栋  高铁  杨佳佳  张一鹤 《地质与资源》2021,29(6):570-573

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典型断陷盆地流域生态系统服务价值时空差异研究     

梁锦桃  邓艳  曹建华  靳振江  李旭尧 《中国岩溶》2021,40(3):476-486

以典型断陷盆地——小江流域为研究对象,以1982年的TM影像、2003年的Landsat ETM+影像和2016年的Landsat OLI影像为数据源,结合云南省测绘局所提供的150 000的土地利用状况图,采用 Costanza 公式对生态系统服务价值进行评估,精细刻画出云南小江流域“盆—山”共存的地质分异结构下生态系统服务价值的时空变化特征。结果表明:（1）小江流域以农田生态系统为主,研究期内生态系统格局总体稳定,耕地、建设用地、林地和园地都有不同程度的增加,而未利用地面积减少,水域面积基本不变;（2）1982-2016年,研究区生态系统服务总价值呈上升趋势,1982、2003和2016年生态系统服务总价值分别为90.11×108元、105.65×108元和136.81×108元,耕地、林地、园地和水域的生态系统服务价值整体上升,而未利用地的生态系统服务价值减少;（3）整体上,小江流域南部和东部生态系统服务价值增加明显,而中部和西部地区生态系统服务价值呈阶段性变化或持续下降趋势,小江岩溶河谷区的生态系统服务价值最高,而沉积平坝区的生态系统服务价值密度最低,且为唯一一个衰退型生态系统服务功能区;（4）研究期内小江流域各项生态系统服务价值均呈上升趋势,调节服务居主导地位,且以气候调节服务价值最高。小江流域生态系统服务价值缺乏弹性,水域生态系统面积变化对研究区生态系统价值的变化具有放大作用。实施封山育林、退耕还林、小流域治理工程等石漠化综合治理工程可增加生态系统服务价值。   相似文献   

山水林田湖草系统治理之水土保持要义     

姜德文 《地学前缘》2021,28(4):42-47

山水林田湖草是一个生命共同体,山水林田湖草的系统治理观是水土流失治理与生态修复的重要指导思想。水土流失的发生、发展和变化是一个复杂的系统,有其自身规律,水土保持是一门多学科交叉学科,有其科学性与不可替代性,防治水土流失应坚持系统思维,整体施策,系统和综合是水土保持学科建立和事业发展的生命力所在。水土流失在中国广泛分布并长期存在,而且治理程度及年治理进度较低,极不适应生态文明时代人民对美好生活的需求。要充分发挥大自然的自我修复能力,辅助于重点治理,以小促大,大面积、快速恢复植被,降低水土流失强度。将水资源保护、水环境整治、面源污染防治、农村污水及垃圾处理、村容村貌人居环境整治等融为一体,以系统治理观大力推进生态清洁小流域建设。采取系统、全面的措施,重视山地经果林开发土地的水土流失治理与生态保护。对工业化、城镇化、农业现代化过程中的人为扰动破坏区,全过程、全方位落实水土保持措施,促进经济社会的高质量发展。  相似文献   

Cross-site analysis of perceived ecosystem service benefits in multifunctional landscapes     

《Global Environmental Change》2019

Rural development policies in many Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) member countries promote sustainable landscape management with the intention of providing multiple ecosystem services (ES). Yet, it remains unclear which ES benefits are perceived in different landscapes and by different people. We present an assessment of ES benefits perceived and mapped by residents (n = 2,301) across 13 multifunctional (deep rural to peri-urban) landscapes in Europe. We identify the most intensively perceived ES benefits, their spatial patterns, and the respondent and landscape characteristics that determine ES benefit perception. We find outdoor recreation, aesthetic values and social interactions are the key ES benefits at local scales. Settlement areas are ES benefit hotspots but many benefits are also related to forests, waters and mosaic landscapes. We find some ES benefits (e.g. culture and heritage values) are spatially clustered, while many others (e.g. aesthetic values) are dispersed. ES benefit perception is linked to people’s relationship with and accessibility to a landscape. Our study discusses how a local perspective can contribute to the development of contextualized and socially acceptable policies for sustainable ES management. We also address conceptual confusion in ES framework and present argumentation regarding the links from services to benefits, and from benefits to different types of values.  相似文献   

GIS‐evaluation of two slope‐calculation methods regarding their suitability in slope analysis using high‐precision LiDAR digital elevation models     

M. Irfan Ashraf  Zhengyong Zhao  Charles P.‐A. Bourque  Fan‐Rui Meng 《水文研究》2012,26(8):1119-1133

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Sensitivity of streamflow from a Himalayan catchment to plausible changes in land cover and climate     

Xing Ma  Jianchu Xu  Meine van Noordwijk 《水文研究》2010,24(11):1379-1390

Global climate change will likely increase temperature and variation in precipitation in the Himalayas, modifying both supply of and demand for water. This study assesses combined impacts of land‐cover and climate changes on hydrological processes and a rainfall‐to‐streamflow buffer indicator of watershed function using the Soil Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) in Kejie watershed in the eastern Himalayas. The Hadley Centre Coupled Model Version 3 (HadCM3) was used for two Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) emission scenarios (A2 and B2), for 2010–2099. Four land‐cover change scenarios increase forest, grassland, crops, or urban land use, respectively, reducing degraded land. The SWAT model predicted that downstream water resources will decrease in the short term but increase in the long term. Afforestation and expansion in cropland will probably increase actual evapotranspiration (ET) and reduce annual streamflow but will also, through increased infiltration, reduce the overland flow component of streamflow and increase groundwater release. An expansion in grassland will decrease actual ET, increase annual streamflow and groundwater release, while decreasing overland flow. Urbanization will result in increases in streamflow and overland flow and reductions in groundwater release and actual ET. Land‐cover change dominated over effects on streamflow of climate change in the short and middle terms. The predicted changes in buffer indicator for land‐use plus climate‐change scenarios reach up to 50% of the current (and future) range of inter‐annual variability. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献