Origin and development of tafoni in Tunnel Spring Tuff,Crystal Peak,Utah, USA     

Earle F. McBride  M. Dane Picard 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2000,25(8):869-879

Bedding‐parallel tafoni are well developed over much of the surface of the Tunnel Spring Tuff (Oligocene) exposed in 300‐m‐high Crystal Peak, an inselberg. The Tunnel Spring Tuff is a crudely stratified, non‐welded rhyolite ash‐flow tuff with > 30 per cent porosity. Clasts of Palaeozoic dolomite, limestone and quartzite make up 10 per cent of the tuff. The tafoni are remarkable because of their size (up to 20 m wide but rarely wider than 4 m), shape of the openings (spherical, arch‐like or crescent‐shaped) and abundance (up to 50 per cent of an outcrop face). They are actively forming today. Calcite is abundant (10 to 40 per cent by weight) in tafoni as an efflorescence in spalling flakes of tuff on their roofs and walls. Halite and gypsum generally make up less than 0·01 per cent of the efflorescence. The absence of corroded quartz and feldspar grains in spall fragments indicates that chemical weathering is unimportant in development of the tafoni. Calcite, aragonite, halite and gypsum dust from modern salt pans less than 20 km from Crystal Peak are potential sources of salt in the tuff, but the prevailing winds are in the wrong direction for significant amounts of these evaporite minerals to reach the inselberg. Calcite is the only evaporite mineral present in the tafoni in more than trace amounts, and this mineral is readily available within the tuff itself as a result of rock weathering. We propose that meteoric water containing carbonic acid infiltrates the tuff, dissolves carbonate clasts, and migrates to the steep flanks (>20°) of the peak through abundant megapores and micropores. There it evaporates and precipitates calcite. Crystallization pressure spalls off grains and sheets as the physical manifestation of salt weathering. The quasi‐uniform spacing of tafoni suggests that a self‐organization process is active in the water flow. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Seismicity of an andesitic volcano during block-lava effusion: Volcán de Colima, México, November 1998–January 1999     

Vyacheslav M. Zobin  Justo Orozco-Rojas  Gabriel A. Reyes-Dávila  Carlos Navarro 《Bulletin of Volcanology》2005,67(7):679-688

The block-lava effusion at Volcán de Colima, México began on November 20, 1998, after 12 months of seismic activity, and ended about 80 days later. Three types of seismic events were observed during the lava effusion. Volcano—tectonic earthquakes occurred mainly at the very beginning and after the termination of lava effusion. Explosion earthquakes occurred frequently during the period of the maximum rate in lava effusion. The remainder of the seismic signals were associated with pyroclastic flows and rockfalls from the lava dome. These latter signals increased sharply in number at the onset of lava effusion. The rate of occurrence remained high when the lava discharge rate decreased but gradually decreased after the termination of lava effusion. Maximum daily durations of seismic signals are proportional to the daily volumetric output of lava, indicating the dependence of the number of pyroclastic flows on the rate of lava output. A log-log plot of seismic signal duration vs. number of events with this duration displays a linear relationship. The short-period seismic signals can be divided into three categories based on duration: short events with durations less than 100 s; intermediate events with durations between 100 and 250 s; and long events with durations longer than 250 s. We infer that long events correspond to pyroclastic flows with mean deposit volume 2×10⁵ m³, and intermediate events represent pyroclastic flows with mean deposit volume 1×10³ m³.Editorial responsibility: J McPhie  相似文献   

Primary versus secondary and subaerial versus submarine hydrovolcanic deposits in the subsurface of Jeju Island, Korea     

YOUNG KWAN SOHN  KI HWA PARK†  SEOK-HOON YOON‡ 《Sedimentology》2008,55(4):899-924

Jeju Island is a Quaternary shield volcano built upon the Yellow Sea continental shelf off the Korean Peninsula. Decades of borehole drilling reveals that the shield‐forming lavas of the island are underlain by extensive hydrovolcanic deposits (the Seoguipo Formation), which are about 100 m thick and show diverse depositional features. This study provides criteria for distinguishing between hydrovolcanic deposits formed by primary (pyroclastic) and secondary (resedimentation) processes in subaerial and submarine settings based on the observations of several selected cores from the formation. Five facies associations are identified, including: (i) primary hydrovolcanic deposits formed by pyroclastic surges and co‐surge fallouts in tuff rings (facies association PH_TR); (ii) primary hydrovolcanic deposits formed by Surtseyan fallout and related pyroclastic transport processes in tuff cones (facies association PH_TC); (iii) secondary hydrovolcanic deposits formed by debris flows, hyperconcentrated flood flows, sheet floods and rill flows in subaerial settings (facies association RH_AE); (iv) secondary hydrovolcanic deposits formed in submarine settings under the influence of waves, tides and occasional mass flows (facies association RH_MAR); and (v) non‐volcaniclastic and fine‐grained deposits formed in nearshore to offshore settings (facies association NV_MAR). The primary hydrovolcanic facies associations (PH_TR and PH_TC) are distinguished from one another on the basis of distinct lithofacies characteristics and vertical sequence profiles. These facies differ from the secondary hydrovolcanic and non‐volcaniclastic facies associations (RH_AE, RH_MAR and NV_MAR) because of their distinctive sedimentary structures, textures and compositions. The depositional processes and settings of some massive and crudely stratified volcaniclastic deposits, which occur in many facies associations, could not be discriminated unambiguously even with microscopic observations. Nevertheless, these facies associations could generally be distinguished because they occur typically in packets or sequences, several metres to tens of metres thick and bounded by distinct stratigraphic discontinuities, and comprise generally distinct sets of lithofacies. The overall characteristics of the Seoguipo Formation suggest that it is composed of numerous superposed phreatomagmatic volcanoes intercalated with marine or non‐marine, volcaniclastic or non‐volcaniclastic deposits. Widespread and continual hydrovolcanic activity, together with volcaniclastic sedimentation, is inferred to have persisted for more than a million years in Jeju Island under the influence of fluctuating Quaternary sea‐levels, before effusion of the shield‐forming lavas. Extensive distribution of hydrovolcanic deposits in the subsurface of Jeju Island highlights that there can be significant differences in the eruption style, growth history and internal structure between shelfal shield volcanoes and oceanic island volcanoes.  相似文献   

松辽盆地北部徐家围子断陷营城组大型破火山口的发现   总被引：8，自引：4，他引：4       下载免费PDF全文

贺 电李江海  刘守偈韩 亮 《中国地质》2008,35(3):463-471

破火山口的形成是火山物质喷发量最大、破坏力最强的一种火山作用现象,因此,探寻破火山口存在的证据是明晰松辽盆地北部徐家围子断陷下白垩统营城组火山喷发规律和叠置关系的关键。徐家围子断陷营城组地层中徐东破火山口呈一个长轴约17km,短轴约10km的椭圆形、塌陷深度近3km的大型破火山口,其天窗式塌陷是下方岩浆房的不对称形态或岩浆房的不对称抽空导致。徐东破火山口内被厚层流纹质凝灰岩和熔岩填充,剖面上显示一对发育完整的正、逆断层,指示徐东破火山口经历了完整的沉降、塌陷、火山喷发过程。徐东破火山口形成于大陆裂谷背景下,是岩石圈减薄,大规模岩浆作用的产物。受区域NNW向构造格架控制,形成破火山口南北延伸的椭圆形态。  相似文献   

Spectral characteristics of the Gawler Range Volcanics in drill core Myall Creek RC1     

G. Gordon  S. McAvaney  C. Wade 《Australian Journal of Earth Sciences》2016,63(8):973-986

Traditional core-logging methods in conjunction with spectral scanning techniques have been used to log volcanic successions of the lower Gawler Range Volcanics. The open-file drill core Myall Creek RC 1 was re-logged and scanned using HyLogger? core scanning technologies as a part of the Geological Survey of South Australia's Southern Gawler Rangers mapping program and the Mineral System Drilling Program. Myall Creek RC 1 is one of the key stratigraphic drill cores for the region, owing to the intersection of a large section of the Gawler Range Volcanics. Spectral characterisation of the Eucarro Rhyolite revealed differential weathering of plagioclase phenocrysts, while high-resolution imagery and spectral results were used to log new basaltic flows and small flow features in the Roopena Basalt. The composition and distribution of feldspars in the unnamed lower Gawler Range Volcanic units were used to aid traditional logging of visually similar lithologies. A spectral scalar, the felsic–mafic index, was used to identify unusual features in the unnamed sequence and was found to identify iron oxides as either fracture coatings or finely disseminated in the matrix of the sample. Iron oxides were also used to identify features within lithological units, which were difficult to discern visually, especially the layers in the deepest layered ignimbrite at the end of the drill core.  相似文献   

松潘-甘孜褶皱带复理石火山岩夹层时代及其地质意义     

李祥辉  王成善  刘树根  冉波  徐文礼  周勇 《地质通报》2016,35(6):879-886

在四川北部松潘西北和甘肃南部合作市一带的上三叠统(深海沉积)复理石中发现了数套火山(碎屑)岩夹层。利用UPb同位素测年,获得4件安山岩、凝灰岩样品锆石的年龄加权平均值分别为205.9±1.6Ma、208.9±1.8Ma、210.4±1.6Ma和212.3±1.5Ma,时代属于晚三叠世诺利期晚期—瑞提期早期。此系第一次较为精准地报道松潘-甘孜褶皱带晚三叠世复理石火山岩夹层及其可能代表的火山喷发年龄。研究结果表明,直到瑞提期早期松潘-甘孜古残留海盆还未停止接受沉积物供给。该套火山(碎屑)岩的测年结果为松潘-甘孜褶皱带上三叠统复理石岩石地层单元的划分和对比提供了重要参考,同时为进一步约束华南与华北板块碰撞-造山事件时限提供了新证据。  相似文献   

新疆东准噶尔卡拉麦里蛇绿岩的形成和侵位时限——来自辉绿岩和凝灰岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄的证据   总被引：12，自引：3，他引：9  

黄岗  牛广智  王新录  郭俊  宇峰 《地质通报》2012,31(8):1267-1278

新疆东准噶尔卡拉麦里蛇绿岩是中亚造山带中最具代表性的蛇绿岩之一,其所代表的古洋盆的形成和关闭时限一直受到地学界的密切关注。采用LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Th-Pb同位素方法,获得卡拉麦里蛇绿岩中辉绿岩的年龄为416.7Ma±3.2Ma,代表了卡拉麦里蛇绿岩的形成年龄。不整合于蛇绿岩之上的地层凝灰岩的年龄为343.0Ma±5.0Ma,限定了卡拉麦里蛇绿岩侵位时代的上限,同时也为沉积盖层提供了可靠的年龄依据。即卡拉麦里蛇绿岩所代表的古大洋形成于早泥盆世洛霍考夫期,闭合于早石炭世杜内期前。卡拉麦里蛇绿岩形成和侵位时代的准确限定对研究东准噶尔的构造演化和古生代中亚地区构造格局提供了重要的制约。  相似文献   

冀北承德盆地侏罗系九龙山组凝灰岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄与地球化学特征   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1  

陈海燕  张运强  张计东  范永贵  彭芊芃  连青  孙立萍  于龙 《地质通报》2014,33(7):966-973

对冀北承德盆地中生代侏罗纪各地层单位的时代归属一直存在争议。研究获得承德盆地九龙山组凝灰岩LA-ICP-MS锆石206Pb/238U年龄加权平均值为163.4Ma±1.1Ma(MSWD=3.3),结合研究区中生代侏罗纪其他地层测年结果,认为九龙山组的时限可能为158~164Ma,属中侏罗世晚期—晚侏罗世早期,对应于国际地层表的牛津期—卡洛维期。该组中的凝灰岩具有较高的SiO2、K2O和Al2O3含量,A/CNK=6.31~16.22,反应岩石高钾偏碱性强过铝质的特点;稀土元素总量高,REE配分曲线呈右倾型,具有明显的Eu和Sr负异常;富集大离子亲石元素(Rb、Ba、Th、U),亏损高场强元素(Nb、Ta、Zr)。凝灰岩具有与上地壳相似的稀土和微量元素特征,具典型的壳源成因类型。  相似文献   

湖南桃源理公港地区含金刚石沉凝灰岩的发现及其找矿意义          下载免费PDF全文

杨献忠  蔡逸涛  康丛轩  黄光昭  李帅  向华 《中国地质调查》2014,6(6):56-62

湖南桃源理公港地区白垩纪红盆内的灰绿色和紫红色沉积夹层曾选获过金刚石。以灰绿色岩石为研究对象,通过薄片鉴定和电子探针分析来确定岩石名称和岩石中石榴石和云母的属性。显微镜下,灰绿色岩石呈凝灰结构,由约45%的晶屑、35%的岩屑和20%的玻屑组成,为较典型的沉凝灰岩,并非前人所述的金伯利岩。沉凝灰岩中的石榴石和云母分别为G10型镁铝榴石和金云母,镁铝榴石和金云母的成分与辽宁、山东及南非典型岩管含金刚石金伯利岩中的镁铝榴石及金云母的成分基本一致,暗示其来源于含金刚石的金伯利岩。沉凝灰岩的特征表明,其来源地不会太远,这为在附近找寻火山机构奠定了基础; 金伯利质岩屑、G10型镁铝榴石和金云母的发现,为在周边寻找原生金伯利岩提供了重要信息。  相似文献   

北秦岭罗汉寺岩群锆石SHRIMP U-Pb年龄及其构造地质意义   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

崔建堂  韩芳林  张拴厚  王根宝  王北颖  王学平  郭岐明  彭海练  王金安  彭俊英  卢婷  付垒  崔海曼 《西北地质》2011,(4):8-14

对出露于北秦岭周至黑河小王涧黄草坪南罗汉寺岩群(弧前盆地沉积楔形体)中的英安质晶屑凝灰岩,进行了锆石SHRIMP U-Pb同位素测年研究,获得该群晶屑凝灰岩形成时代为(491±5)Ma,反映该岩群跨及早奥陶世.结合商丹带北侧广泛发育的加里东期岛弧花岗岩带和前人在其他地区测定该岩群的最新年代信息,认为本次测年数据为北秦岭...  相似文献