ON ICE FORMING NUCLEI          下载免费PDF全文

J.Rosinski  P.L.Haagenson  C.T.Nngamoto  G.Morgan 《Acta Meteorologica Sinica》1991,(4)

Cloud condensation nuclei(CCN)constitute a reservoir of latent ice-forming nuclei(IFN)active by condensation-followed-by-freezing and by sorption.Two classes of aerosol particles active as IFN by sorption werefound.The first produces IFN concentrations which are dependent on temperature only.The IFN concen-tration consecutively increases with lowering of temperature and does not respond to the increasing partialwater vapor pressure.The second produces IFN concentrations which are dependent on partial water vaporpressure only,The IFN concentration consecutively decreases with decreasing of the partial water vapor pres-sure that takes place with the lowering temperature.Sulfates(mostly ammonium sulfate)constitute an integral part of IFN active by condensation-followed-by-freezing and by sorption.Backward isentropic air parcel trajectories linked polluted air rich in sulfates andclean air with high and low concentrations of IFN active by condensation-followed-by-freezing at-19.7℃ andS_w=0.1%.The experiments were performed in a dynamic filter processing chamber with aerosol particles collectedon membrane filters.  相似文献   

Radiative effects on torrential rainfall during the landfall of Typhoon Fitow (2013)     

Lingyun Lou  Xiaofan Li 《大气科学进展》2016,33(1):101-109

Cloud microphysical and rainfall responses to radiative processes are examined through analysis of cloud-resolving model sensitivity experiments of Typhoon Fitow(2013) during landfall.The budget analysis shows that the increase in the mean rainfall caused by the exclusion of radiative effects of water clouds corresponds to the decrease in accretion of raindrops by cloud ice in the presence of radiative effects of ice clouds,but the rainfall is insensitive to radiative effects of water clouds in the absence of radiative effects of ice clouds.The increases in the mean rainfall resulting from the removal of radiative effects of ice clouds correspond to the enhanced net condensation.The increases(decreases) in maximum rainfall caused by the exclusion of radiative effects of water clouds in the presence(absence) of radiative effects of ice clouds,or the removal of radiative effects of ice clouds in the presence(absence) of radiative effects of water clouds,correspond mainly to the enhancements(reductions) in net condensation.The mean rain rate is a product of rain intensity and fractional rainfall coverage.The radiation-induced difference in the mean rain rate is related to the difference in rain intensity.The radiation-induced difference in the maximum rain rate is associated with the difference in the fractional coverage of maximum rainfall.  相似文献   

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TROPICAL ISO AND TROPICAL CYCLONE ACTIVITY OVER THE SOUTH CHINA SEA     

祝丽娟  王亚非  尹志聪 《热带气象学报(英文版)》2016,22(3):318-329

The relationship between the tropical intra-seasonal oscillation (ISO) and tropical cyclones (TCs) activities over the South China Sea (SCS) is investigated by utilizing the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) global reanalysis data and tropical cyclone best-track data from 1949 to 2009. The main conclusions are: (1) A new ISO index is designed to describe the tropical ISO activity over the SCS, which can simply express ISO for SCS. After examining the applicability of the index constructed by the Climate Prediction Center (CPC), we find that the convection spatial scale reflected by this index is too large to characterize the small-scale SCS and fails to divide the TCs activities over the SCS into active and inactive categories. Consequently, the CPC index can’t replace the function of the new ISO index; (2) The eastward spread process of tropical ISO is divided into eight phases using the new ISO index, the phase variation of which corresponds well with the TCs activities over the SCS. TCs generation and landing are significantly reduced during inactive period (phase 4-6) relative to that during active period (phase 7-3); (3) The composite analyses indicate distinct TCs activities over the SCS, which is consistent with the concomitant propagation of the ISO convective activity. During ISO active period, the weather situations are favorable for TCs development over the SCS, e.g., strong convection, cyclonic shear and weak subtropical high, and vice versa; (4) The condensation heating centers, strong convection and water vapor flux divergence are well collocated with each other during ISO active period. In addition, the vertical profile of condensation heat indicates strong ascending motion and middle-level heating over the SCS during active period, and vice versa. Thus, the eastward propagation of tropical ISO is capable to modulate TCs activities by affecting the heating configuration over the SCS.  相似文献   

Comparison of Aerosol Effects on Simulated Spring and Summer Hailstorm Clouds     

Huiling YANG  Hui XIAO  Chunwei GUO  Guang WEN  Qi TANG  Yue SUN 《大气科学进展》2017,34(7):877-893

Numerical simulations are carried out to investigate the effect of cloud condensation nuclei(CCN) concentrations on microphysical processes and precipitation characteristics of hailstorms. Two hailstorm cases are simulated, a spring case and a summer case, in a semiarid region of northern China, with the Regional Atmospheric Modeling System. The results are used to investigate the differences and similarities of the CCN effects between spring and summer hailstorms. The similarities are:(1) The total hydrometeor mixing ratio decreases, while the total ice-phase mixing ratio enhances, with increasing CCN concentration;(2) Enhancement of the CCN concentration results in the production of a greater amount of small-sized hydrometeor particles, but a lessening of large-sized hydrometeor particles;(3) As the CCN concentration increases, the supercooled cloud water and rainwater make a lesser contribution to hail, while the ice-phase hydrometeors take on active roles in the growth of hail;(4) When the CCN concentration increases, the amount of total precipitation lessens,while the role played by liquid-phase rainfall in the amount of total precipitation reduces, relatively, compared to that of icephase precipitation. The differences between the two storms include:(1) An increase in the CCN concentration tends to reduce pristine ice mixing ratios in the spring case but enhance them in the summer case;(2) Ice-phase hydrometeor particles contribute more to hail growth in the spring case, while liquid water contributes more in the summer case;(3) An increase in the CCN concentration has different effects on surface hail precipitation in different seasons.  相似文献   

The Increase of Biogenic Sulfate Aerosol and Particle Number in Marine Atmosphere over the Northwestern North Pacific     

Atsushi Ooki  Kazuhiko Miura  Mitsuo Uematsu 《Journal of Oceanography》2003,59(6):799-807

During a cruise aboard the R/V Hakuho-maru in the northwestern North Pacific in the summer of 1998 the particle number concentrations and the major ionic components of size fractionated aerosols were measured to investigate the aerosol produced by marine biological activity. Continuous low concentrations of nitrate (<1.8 nmol m⁻³), similar to the marine air background level, were found over the northwestern North Pacific (40–45°N) and the Sea of Okhotsk (44–45°N). Over the Sea of Okhotsk, a high concentration of chlorophyll-a (5.4 mg m⁻³) in seawater was observed, and atmospheric concentrations of non sea-salt (nss-) sulfate (44 nmol m⁻³), methane sulfonic acid (MSA) (1.8 nmol m⁻³) and particle number in the size range of 0.1 < D < 0.5 μm (199 cm⁻³) were found to be 9, 7, and 2 times, respectively, higher than those in the background marine air. The increase in particle number concentrations mainly in the size range of 0.2 < D < 0.3 μm was likely caused by the increase of biogenic sulfate over the high productive region of the Sea of Okhotsk. In humid air conditions (R.H. > 96%), the increased biogenic sulfate that condensed the large amount of water vapor would not have sufficient solute mass to activate as cloud condensation nuclei (CNN) and would remain as aerosol particles in the marine air with frequent sea-fogs over the high productive region. Biogenic sulfate originating from dimethyl sulfide (DMS) would gradually grow into the CCN size and continuously supply a great number of CCN to the marine air in the northwestern North Pacific. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.  相似文献   

Thermogenic organic matter dissolved in the abyssal ocean   总被引：1，自引：2，他引：1  

Thorsten Dittmar  Boris P. Koch 《Marine Chemistry》2006,102(3-4):208-217

Formation and decay of thermogenic organic matter are important processes in the geological carbon cycle, but little is known about the fate of combustion-derived and petrogenic compounds in the ocean. We explored the molecular structure of marine dissolved organic matter (DOM) for thermogenic signatures in different water masses of the Southern Ocean. Ultrahigh-resolution mass spectrometry via the Fourier transform-ion cyclotron resonance technique (FT-ICR-MS) revealed the presence of polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) dissolved in the abyssal ocean. More than 200 different PAHs were discerned, most of them consisting of seven condensed rings with varying numbers of carboxyl, hydroxyl, and aliphatic functional groups. These unambiguously thermogenic compounds were homogenously distributed in the deep sea, but depleted at the sea surface. Based on the structural information alone, petrogenic and pyrogenic compounds cannot be distinguished. Surface depletion of the PAHs and first estimates for their turnover rate (> 1.2 · 10¹² mol C per year) point toward a primarily petrogenic source, possibly deep-sea hydrothermal vents, which is thus far speculative because the fluxes of combustion-derived and petrogenic matter to the ocean are not well constrained. We estimate that > 2.4% of DOM are thermogenic compounds, and their global inventory in the oceans is > 1.4 · 10¹⁵ mol C, significantly impacting global biogeochemical cycles.  相似文献   

A computational model of the digestive gland epithelial cell of marine mussels and its simulated responses to oil-derived aromatic hydrocarbons     

Moore MN  Allen JI 《Marine environmental research》2002,54(3-5):579-584

This paper describes a computational model of digestive gland epithelial cells (digestive cells) of marine mussels. These cells are the major environmental interface for uptake of contaminants, particularly those associated with natural particulates that are filtered from seawater by mussels. Digestive cells show well characterised reactions to exposure to lipophilic xenobiotics, such as oil-derived aromatic hydrocarbons (AHs), which accumulate in these cells with minimal biotransformation. The simulation model is based on processes associated with the flux of carbon through the cell. Physiological parameters such as fluctuating food concentration, cell volume, respiration, secretion/excretion, storage of glycogen and lipid, protein/organelle turnover (autophagy/resynthesis) and export of carbon to other tissues of the mussel are all included in the model. The major response to AHs is induction of increased autophagy in these cells. Simulations indicate that the reactions to AHs and food deprivation correspond well with responses measured in vivo.  相似文献   

两种海洋单胞藻浓缩与保存效果的研究   总被引：7，自引：1，他引：7  

王培磊  宫庆礼  麦康森  赵明日 《海洋湖沼通报》2001,(4):12-19

研究了小球藻和球等鞭金藻分别用明矾和石灰水浓缩以及两种藻的浓缩液在常温(20 ±1℃)、低温(0—4℃)﹑冷冻(-30±1℃)三种温度条件下保存的结果,并对浓缩保存前后藻液的饵料效果进行了对比试验。 结果表明:(1)小球藻的浓缩以80±5ppm的明矾液及4%的石灰水效果最好;(2)球等鞭金藻的浓缩以100±10ppm的明矾液及6%的石灰水效果最好; (3)保存方法以加入保护剂甘油并置于-30℃ 冰箱中效果最好,小球藻和球等鞭金藻的存活率分别为95%和93%;(4)低温保存前后藻的脂肪酸分析结果表明高度不饱和脂肪酸(HUFA)的含量变化不明显;(5)用浓缩保存藻投喂中国对虾和轮虫的效果与普通藻无显著差异。  相似文献   

2018年5月江苏极端降水事件发生前副热带高压异常及原因分析   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

沈阳  孙燕  吴海英  陈圣劼  韩桂荣 《气象科学》2019,39(2):214-225

本文利用NCEP/NCAR提供的2.5°×2.5°全球再分析数据,以2018年5月江苏两次极端降水事件发生前副高异常变化为研究对象,根据全型涡度方程定量计算了凝结潜热分布不均引起的涡源对副高迅速演变的诱发作用。研究发现,120°E处500 hPa 5月第1候副高脊线多年平均位置位于16°N附近,而2018年同期120°E的脊线则位于19°N附近,呈明显偏北的状态。2018年5月第1候东亚500 hPa位势高度距平场表现出南高北低的形态,有利于我国华东地区成为暖湿空气和干冷空气的交汇区,构成了江苏5月两次极端降水过程的有利环流背景。与对流层中层环流异常对应的是,同期115°~125°E之间850 hPa上8 g·kg^-1等比湿线位于28°N附近,较多年气候态偏北15°,强降水区内同期850 hPa比湿较往年偏多2~4 g·kg^-1,相应距平百分率可达50%~75%。且110°~120°E之间θ_se的340 K等值线5月第1候多年气候态位于13°N以南,但2018年同期却偏北至25°N附近,暖湿气团北进有利于强降水的发生。副高西伸北抬前,副高主体西侧和北侧均有凝结潜热加热区存在,说明潜热加热与副高演变关系密切。垂直剖面表明600 hPa为凝结潜热加热中心,向上加热率随高度减小,因此500 hPa处潜热加热率垂直梯度为负,使得500 hPa成为负涡源所在。因凝结潜热分布不均产生的负涡源,1~2 d便可形成与副高自身十分接近的负涡度值,足以诱发副高突变,该时间尺度与副高真实演变时间相符。负涡源中与凝结潜热垂直分布不均相关的部分起主要作用,而与凝结潜热水平分布不均相关的部分同时期产生的负涡度最多仅为前者的1/3左右,对副高突然西伸的作用较小。与凝结潜热相关的负涡源作为引发西太平洋副高异变的可能原因,其与副高的关系仍需进一步研究。  相似文献   

2008年7月黄淮暴雨过程中西南涡结构特征分析     

王新敏  张霞  孙景兰  吕林宜  徐文明 《湖北气象》2015,34(1)

对西南涡暴雨的预报不仅取决于对西南涡移动路径的把握,也与西南涡的结构及其演变密切相关。利用NCEP/NCAR 1°×1°逐6 h再分析资料,对2008年7月一次东移影响黄淮的西南涡的结构特征和暴雨机理进行分析,结果表明:西南涡的生成过程包含高原涡的耦合诱发,西南涡的生成、发展与干位涡向对流层低层扰动下传有关;中高纬冷空气与副热带高压边缘暖湿气流对峙加强了系统的斜压性,使西南涡中心向上伸展的位涡柱和正涡度柱具有向西倾斜的结构;成熟的西南涡具有中尺度非对称的显著斜压结构特征;对流层中层正涡度平流是西南涡发展和引导西南涡移动的重要因素;凝结释放大量潜热促使低层西南低涡发展,使降水增强。  相似文献