Aberrant Cities: Urban Population Loss in the United States, 1820-1930     

《Urban geography》2013,34(8):672-690

Our understanding of population loss from U.S. cities draws primarily from the fate of industrial centers in the decades following World War II. Quite numerous, those cities cast off residents at unprecedented and sustained rates. Prior to this time, few large cities had ended a decade smaller in population size than they began. In order to broaden and deepen our knowledge of why some cities and not others lose population, this paper analyzes cities that shed population in the 19th century. Using Census data and capsule stories developed from city biographies, the paper explores both contextuating and precipitating factors. These findings subsequently become the basis for reflecting anew on urban decline since the mid-20th century.  相似文献   

热力强迫对澳洲北部越赤道气流强弱变化的影响   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

黄亮  谭桂容  刘向文 《南京气象学院学报》2012,35(3):311-321

采用1980-2004年NCEP／NCAR再分析资料,从影响越赤道气流的大气内、外强迫因子（主要指大气凝结潜热释放及下垫面热力差异）出发,结合诊断分析和数值试验,探讨了强迫因子对澳洲北部由南向北越赤道气流强弱变化的影响。结果表明,冷澳洲大陆有利于强澳高或频繁冷空气活动的形成,通道南部弱下垫面加热有利于弱Walker环流的形成,南海一中南半岛较强海陆热力差异或菲律宾强对流加热有利于通道北部强辐合带的形成,它们都对应澳洲北部由南向北强越赤道气流的形成。弱越赤道气流对应的强迫因子及环流因子的特征则与上述情况相反。  相似文献   

胶东半岛丘陵区典型流域径流衰减态势及驱动力分析   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

刘德林  刘贤赵  李希国  邵金花 《水文》2006,26(5):61-64

利用大沽夹河流域1966-2004年各水文站逐年月实测水文资料,从年际、年内和年代际三个不同时间尺度,分析了近40年来大沽夹河流域径流变化趋势及其影响因素。结果表明,近40年来,在不同时间尺度上,大沽夹河流域径流均呈明显衰减态势。由年际变化知,流域年径流量自20世纪70年代初至80年代中期下降明显,70年代年径流距平值均大于0,变化范围为0．58-2．81亿m3,平均距平值高达1．73亿m3,80年代以后,距平值基本处于0线以下,为径流低值期。年内各季变化趋势和年际变化基本相似。从年代际变化看,20世纪80年代径流衰减幅度最大,年平均径流量仅为70年代的23．24％,多年平均的53．91％,表明近20年来大沽夹河流域径流锐减。降水、气温与径流量的统计、相关分析表明,流域径流量随降水减少和气温上升呈明显下降趋势,两者与径流量的相关系数分别为0．8861和-0．3842,分别在α=0．001和α= 0．05时达显著相关。此外,水利工程取用水量(蓄、引、提河道来水)也是导致大沽夹流域径流量衰减的主要因素。  相似文献   

地史中叠层石衰减机制综述   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

陈留勤 《新疆地质》2007,25(4):365-367

叠层石是蓝细菌等微生物群体形成的一种层状生物沉积构造,从太古宙到全新世的沉积岩中都有分布.叠层石研究因其重要的理论意义和经济应用价值而备受地质学家关注.虽然叠层石不是实体化石,无所谓演化或进化问题,但它却像微生物和其他生物进化一样,随时间和地球环境的变革而发生丰度和分异度上的变化.现在已知地质历史中共发生了5次重要的叠层石衰减事件,分别为2000Ma,1450Ma,1000Ma,675Ma,460Ma.对这种地质事件的解释主要有后生动物竞争和沉积环境变革两种解释.综合来看,叠层石衰减是全球大环境和整个生物圈大变革的必然结果.  相似文献   

Dating the introduction of cereal cultivation to the British Isles: early palaeoecological evidence from the Isle of Man     

James B. Innes  Jeffrey J. Blackford  Peter J. Davey 《第四纪科学杂志》2003,18(7):603-613

The adoption of cereal cultivation is a key benchmark in the transition from Mesolithic hunter–gatherer foraging to Neolithic farming economies, but the nature, timing and ecological–cultural context of the earliest cereal use in the British Isles and northwest Europe is still uncertain. We present AMS radiocarbon dating and fine‐resolution pollen evidence from the Isle of Man for cereal growing in the latter stages of a distinct episode of forest disturbance at almost 6000 yr BP (uncalibrated). The coherent ecological structure of this phase at the fine resolution level suggests that it records cereal cultivation well before the Ulmus decline, rather than wild grass pollen grains. This example is one of a cluster of early dates for cereal‐type pollen near the start of the sixth millenium BP, including several around the Irish Sea, which indicate that the introduction of cereal agriculture probably occurred as early in the central British Isles as in the northern European plain. This early cereal phase is followed later by a probable phase of pre‐Ulmus decline pastoral activity. We also report Mesolithic age woodland disturbance around 7000 yr BP (uncalibrated) and the first radiocarbon dates for mid‐Holocene forest history of the Isle of Man. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

干旱区内陆平原地下水持续下降引起的环境问题——以河西走廊黑河流域中游地区为例   总被引：19，自引：0，他引：19  

丁宏伟  张举 《水文地质工程地质》2002,29(3):71-75

本文以甘肃省河西走廊黑河流域中游地区为例，依据该地区多年地下水动态观测资料，在定量分析区域性地下水位持续下降的基础上，全面阐述了因地下水位下降而产生的一系列环境问题。  相似文献   

Auswirkungen des Extremhochwassers 1999 auf die Flächendynamik und Bestandsstruktur der Uferröhrichte des Bodensees     

Klaus Schmieder  Michael Dienst  Wolfgang Ostendorp 《Limnologica》2002,32(2)

In consequence of the extreme flood at Lake Constance in 1999 the reed belts showed a severe loss in vitality so that a permanent damage could be expected. The monitoring project presented here focuses the documentation of the damage following the disturbance event, the identification of co-factors, and is designed to find out significant stressors that may impede the recovery of the reeds. The monitoring is based on CIR aerial photo interpretation, quantitative GIS-analyses and field data. The design of the study implies the definition of five degrees of damage using the interpretation of CIR aerial photo series from July 2000. The aquatic reed beds were digitised and areal sums were calculated. These data were compared with the corresponding data from 1999 and 1993. Stand structural and biomass attributes were investigated in 50 randomly distributed permanent plots covering all site types and damage degrees. The results showed a loss of about 24 hectares of aquatic reeds at Lake Constance Untersee alone. The stands which had survived showed a great patchiness in terms of culm density, shoot population composition, culm architecture, and aboveground biomass production. Severely damaged stands were mainly composed of secondary shoots, whereas primary and insect infested shoots dominated in less damaged stands. One co-factor which explained the patchiness was the vertical position of the stand, i.e. the probability of being severely damaged increased with increasing distance below mean water level. The monitoring programme will be continued till 2003.  相似文献   

北极秋季海冰减少与亚洲大陆冬季温度异常   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

LIU N  LIN Lin  WANG Yingjie  KONG Bin  ZHANG Zhanhai  CHEN Hongxia 《海洋学报(英文版)》2016,35(7):36-41

本文使用SVD等诊断分析方法探讨北极秋季海冰密集度与亚洲冬季温度异常之间的关系。结果表明,近30余年来,北极秋季海冰减少伴随着亚洲大陆冬季温度降低,但青藏高原地区、北冰洋和北太平洋沿岸除外。北极秋季海冰密集度减小激发欧亚大陆和北冰洋北部两个区域位势高度的改变,这种异常的变化模态从秋季持续到冬季。位势高度异常的负值中心位于巴伦支海和喀拉海。位势高度异常的正值中心位于蒙古区域。与重力位势高度异常伴随的风场异常为亚洲冬季温度降低提供自北向南的冷气流。随着北极海冰的不断减少,其与亚洲大陆冬季温度降低之间的关系将为气候长期预测提供参考。  相似文献   

多时期演变视角下中国人口收缩区的识别、空间特征与成因类型分析   总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0  

刘振  戚伟  齐宏纲  刘盛和 《地理科学进展》2021,40(3):357-369

近年来,中国人口增长进入关键转折期,人口收缩现象在区域尺度上呈现快速蔓延趋势。利用全国人口普查和1%人口抽样调查数据,论文从多时期演变视角对1990—2015年县市尺度人口收缩区进行识别,并分析其空间特征;然后,在人口收缩影响因素理论分析的基础上,利用聚类分析的方法划分出不同的成因类型,并进一步选取典型案例进行分析,主要结果如下：① 人口收缩区存在不同的演变路径,约24%的县市为波动收缩,约13%的县市为持续收缩,约5%的县市为近期增长转收缩。② 波动收缩型分布较为广泛,包括长江中游地区、川黔渝地区、甘肃、陕西、江苏北部、福建西部等,持续收缩型主要集中在川黔渝地区和东北地区,而近期增长转收缩型主要集中在东北地区、河南和新疆。③ 人口收缩的成因特征存在明显的区域差异,经济滞后驱动型占比最高,以中西部地区分布最为集中;经济放缓和自然增长低双驱动型主要分布在东北地区;自然增长低驱动型占比较低,主要分布在东部地区。基于以上研究结果,论文认为需要重视区域尺度的人口收缩现象,并根据不同区域人口收缩演变趋势及成因的差异,采取针对性的应对措施。  相似文献   

Water level variability and trends in Lake Constance in the light of the 1999 centennial flood   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Klaus D. Jhnk  Dietmar Straile  Wolfgang Ostendorp 《Limnologica》2004,34(1-2):15

The extreme flood of Lake Constance in 1999 focused attention on the variability of annual lake levels. The year 1999 not only brought one of the highest floods of the last 180 years but also one of the earliest in the season. The 1999 extreme event was caused by heavy rainfall in the alpine and pre-alpine regions. The influence of precipitation in the two distinct regional catchments on lake level variations can be quantified by correlation analysis. The long-term variations in lake level and precipitation show similar patterns. This is seen through the use of spectral analysis, which gives similar bands of spectral densities for precipitation and lake level time series. It can be concluded from the comparison of these results with the analysis of climate change patterns in northern Europe, i.e. the index of the North Atlantic Oscillation, that the regional effects on lake level variations are more pronounced than those of global climate change.  相似文献