剪切载荷扰动对断层摩擦影响的实验研究   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2       下载免费PDF全文

黄元敏  马胜利  缪阿丽  何永年 《地震地质》2009,31(2):276-286

利用双轴伺服控制加载装置,采用3块花岗闪长岩标本组成的含有2个滑动面的直剪结构,开展了摩擦滑动实验。实验中通过在剪切方向上叠加正弦波状的位移扰动,研究了剪应力扰动对断层粘滑失稳的影响。研究表明,在恒定的正应力和位移速率下,标本表现出较为规则的粘滑;当在剪切方向叠加位移扰动后,随扰动振幅的增加,粘滑发生时间与扰动的相关性增大,粘滑的应力降和时间间隔的分布趋于离散,其中扰动能产生明显影响的临界振幅大致为0.05MPa;粘滑应力降和时间间隔随扰动振幅增大而逐渐离散的现象在较高正应力下更为明显,而相同扰动振幅下粘滑失稳发生时间与扰动的相关性也随正应力增加而增大;扰动周期对摩擦性状的影响不明显。研究结果意味着,地震引起的同震剪应力的变化不仅会引起邻近断层上地震发生时间的变化,也可能引起地震强度的变化  相似文献   

Observations of Antarctic precipitable water vapor and its response to the solar activity based on GPS sensing     

Wayan Suparta  Zainol Abidin Abdul Rashid  Mohd. Alauddin Mohd. Ali  Baharudin Yatim  Grahame J. Fraser 《Journal of Atmospheric and Solar》2008,70(11-12):1419-1447

Predicting global climate change is a great challenge and must be based on a thorough understanding of how the climate system components behave. Precipitable water vapor (PWV) is one of the key components in determining and predicting the global climate system. It is well known that the local surface temperature and pressure have a direct influence on the production of PWV. However, the influence of solar activity on atmospheric dynamics and their physical mechanisms is still an open debate, where past studies are focused at mid-latitude regions. A new method of determining and quantifying the solar influence on PWV based on GPS observations to correlate the GPS PWV and total electron content (TEC) variations is proposed. Observed data from Scott Base (SBA) and McMurdo (MCM) stations from 2003 to 2005 have been used to study the response of PWV to solar activity. In the analysis, the effects of local conditions (wind speed and relative humidity) on the distribution of PWV are investigated. Results show significant correlation between PWV and solar activity for four geomagnetic storms, with correlation coefficients of 0.74, 0.77, 0.64 and 0.69, which are all significant at the 95% confidence level. There was no significant correlation between TEC and PWV changes during the absence of storms. On a monthly analysis, a strong relationship exists between PWV and TEC during storm-affected days, with correlation coefficients of 0.83 and 0.89 (99% confidence level) for SBA and MCM respectively. These indicate a statistically significant seasonal signal in the Antarctic region, which is very active (higher) during the summer and inactive (lower) for the winter periods.  相似文献   

Spatio-temporal variation of transition probability of bursting events over the ripples at the bed of open channel   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1  

Saeed Jafari Mianaei  Ali Reza Keshavarzi 《Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment (SERRA)》2008,22(2):257-264

In this study, the turbulent flow structure over the ripples at the bed of open channel was investigated experimentally. An analysis of bursting process was used to recognize the susceptible regions for sediment entrainment and deposition over the ripples. Two artificial ripples were built according to the ripples, formed by nature. Three different configurations of ripples were used by changing the wavelength. According to analysis of bursting event it was found that at the stoss side of ripples, quadrants (II) and (IV) were dominant to the quadrants (I) and (III) and at the lee side of the ripple it was vice versa. Also the transition probabilities of the bursting events were determined. The results showed that stable organizations of each class of the events had highest transition probabilities whereas cross organizations had lowest transition probabilities. Additionally, an effort was made to find the average inclination angle of the bursting events in quadrants (II) and (IV). The results showed that the mean angle of events in quadrants (II) and (IV) increases at the downstream of stoss side to the crest in each experimental test. Also, at the lee side where the sediment particles were deposited, the inclination angles had the highest values.  相似文献   

Nannoplankton successions in the northern Red Sea during the last glaciation (60 to 14.5 ka BP): Reactions to climate change   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Heiko-Lars Legge  Jrg Mutterlose  Helge W. Arz  Jürgen Ptzold 《Earth and Planetary Science Letters》2008,270(3-4):271-279

Due to its restricted connection with the Indian Ocean, the desert-enclosed Red Sea is extremely sensitive to global sea level changes and thus ideally suited for paleoceanographic studies of what occurred during the last glaciation. The understanding of its glacial history is, however, still limited. A serious obstacle to obtain satisfactory paleoecological information has been the rarity of microfossil proxy species caused by high salinities. Here, we present a continuous and well-dated calcareous nannoplankton record from the northern Red Sea, covering the interval from 60–14.5 ka BP. Our investigation shows that the composition of the calcareous nannoplankton community varied between  32 ka BP and 14.5 ka BP in response to rapid environmental changes which are closely correlated to climatic fluctuations described from the North Atlantic region. Heinrich events H3, H2 and H1 are dominated by Emiliania huxleyi. Gephyrocapsa oceanica and especially Gephyrocapsa ericsonii are abundant between H3–H2 and H2–H1. A less pronounced response of the calcareous nannoplankton to the high latitudinal climatic oscillations is documented prior to  32 ka BP, suggesting that a strong atmospheric coupling between the northern Red Sea and the North Atlantic realm was established in the late Marine Isotope Stage 3. In contrast to the previously held view of a sea level related salinity increase as the major cause for changes of the plankton communities within the glacial Red Sea, we interpret the documented variations as being caused by local hydrographic changes under the atmospheric control from the extratropics. Temperature changes and especially variations of the water stratification appear to be critical selective factors for the calcareous nannoplankton composition.  相似文献   

The impact of extreme weather events on the seagrass Zostera noltii and related Hydrobia ulvae population     

Cardoso PG  Raffaelli D  Pardal MA 《Marine pollution bulletin》2008,56(3):483-492

Coastal areas are typically subjected to a range of stressors, but they now face the additional stressor of climate change, manifested in part by an increased intensity and frequency of extreme weather events. Thus, the Mondego estuary (Portugal) has experienced organic enrichment (eutrophication) issues and these are potentially exacerbated by extreme weather events (floods, droughts and heat waves). In this paper, we explore the impact of interactions of these different stressors on the ecology of the system, specifically on the two key components, the seagrass Zostera noltii and the mud snail Hydrobia ulvae. Extreme events affected different components of the estuarine ecosystem (primary producers and macrofauna) differently. Whilst the floods directly impacted on H. ulvae, by wiping out part of its population, they did not directly affect the biomass of Z. noltii. In contrast, drought events, through their effects on salinity, directly impacted the biomass of Zostera, which had knock-on effects on the dynamics of H. ulvae. We conclude that over the period when the estuary experienced eutrophication, extreme weather events contributed to the overall degradation of the estuary, while during the recovery phase following the introduction of a management programme, those extreme weather episodes delayed the recovery process significantly.  相似文献   

Thunderstorms,Lightning, Sprites and Magnetospheric Whistler-Mode Radio Waves   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

Devendraa Siingh  A. K. Singh  R. P. Patel  Rajesh Singh  R. P. Singh  B. Veenadhari  Madhuparna Mukherjee 《Surveys in Geophysics》2008,29(6):499-551

Thunderstorms and the lightning that they produce are inherently interesting phenomena that have intrigued scientists and mankind in general for many years. The study of thunderstorms has rapidly advanced during the past century and many efforts have been made towards understanding lightning, thunderstorms and their consequences. Recent observations of optical phenomena above an active lightning discharge along with the availability of modern technology both for data collection and data analysis have renewed interest in the field of thunderstorms and their consequences in the biosphere. In this paper, we review the electrification processes of a thunderstorm, lightning processes and their association with global electric circuit and climate. The upward lightning discharge can cause sprites, elves, jets, etc. which are together called transient luminous events. Their morphological features and effects in the mesosphere are reviewed. The wide spectrum of electromagnetic waves generated during lightning discharges couple the lower atmosphere with the ionosphere/magnetosphere. Hence various features of these waves from ULF to VHF are reviewed with reference to recent results and their consequences are also briefly discussed.  相似文献   

Micro-earthquakes"Justunderneath"Seismic Stations as Ground Truth Events1 Application to the 2008 Wenchuan Aftershock Sequence     

Liu Chun  Wu Zhongliang  Jiang Changsheng 《中国地震研究》2008,22(4)

Analyzing the aftershock sequence of the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake,we considered 26 microearthquakes"just underneath"seismic stations.Making use of such special station-event configurations to determine the depth of these micro-earthquakes provided accurate relocation of aftershocks with a reference set of"ground truth (GT) events".  相似文献   

1953-2005年深圳灾害性天气气候事件的变化   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

王明洁  张小丽  朱小雅  陈元昭 《气候变化研究进展》2007,3(6):350-355

以1953-2005年深圳市逐日最高、最低、平均温度资料为基础,分析近50 a来深圳市的气温变化特征,通过气候变暖前后灾害事件的次数和强度的对比,分析了灾害性天气气候事件的变化规律。研究表明,在全球气候增暖和城市化快速发展的过程中,深圳市的灾害性天气气候事件发生了明显的变化：变暖前后,暴雨次数无明显变化,但20世纪90年代极端降水事件加剧;雷暴日数减少;霾现象日趋严重;高温日数明显增加,持续高温加剧;低温、低温阴雨天气明显减少;影响深圳的热带气旋数量减少,但降水强度在加大。  相似文献   

长江三峡考古遗址文化断层研究   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

张芸  朱诚 《地理学报》2007,62(3):243-256

长江三峡考古遗址的地理位置、14C 测年数据及考古学文化年代、地面高程、文化层的连续性、文化层的埋深和厚度、文化断层的埋深和厚度等统计数据综合分析的结果表明长江三峡地区新石器时代到历史时期考古遗址沉积地层中有5 期文化断层: (1) 城背溪文化末期到大溪文化初期(7200~6000a BP); (2) 大溪文化关庙山类型三期(5800~5500a BP); (3) 夏代 (4000~3500a BP); (4) 春秋晚期至战国时期(2500~2200a BP); (5) 宋代以来(960A.D.以来)。探讨文化断层与灾变事件发生之间的关系, 从而揭示三峡地区史前和历史时期环境演变过程及其与人类活动的影响。  相似文献   

南沙群岛历史事件时空演化的可视化表达     

王加胜  李满春  刘永学  张荷霞  汪业成  成王玉 《地理科学》2015,35(5):608-614

南沙争端的起源与发展错综复杂,以文字材料表现不直观,难以快速、全面地理解争端的历史进程。研究引入可视化表达技术,通过从文字材料中收集争端事件,利用统计图表、社会网络和GIS技术对南沙群岛历史事件演化的时空特征进行可视化表达。结果表明,3种可视化表达方法有效地表达了历史事件时空演化过程,反映南沙争端演化的4个阶段（殖民期、和平期、侵占期和稳定期）,突出各国重点关注的岛礁类型,发现越南历史事件覆盖的岛礁面广,菲律宾引发的争端事件多。  相似文献