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Submarine hydrothermal mineralization in the Okinawa Trough, SW of Japan: an overview 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
The Okinawa Trough is a heavily sedimented, rifted back-arc basin formed in an intracontinental rift zone. Submarine hydrothermal activity is located within the six back-arc rifts located in the middle and southern Okinawa Trough and its distribution is controlled principally by tectonic factors. Subduction of the Daito and Gagua Ridges beneath the Ryukyu Arc has resulted in fracturing of the brittle lithosphere beneath the Okinawa Trough. Hydrothermal activity is strongest in the volcanic arc-rift migration phenomenon (VAMP) area plus the JADE site and Southernmost Part of the Okinawa Trough (SPOT) area which form the prolongation of these two ridges. These areas are characterized by extremely high heat flow locally. Submarine hydrothermal fluids from the Okinawa Trough tend to be strongly influenced by interaction of the hydrothermal fluids with organic matter in the sediment resulting in high alkalinity and NH4+ concentrations of the fluids. The fluids also contain high concentrations of CO2 of magmatic origin. Submarine hydrothermal mineralization in the trough is diverse. The CLAM site consists principally of carbonate chimneys. Interaction of the hydrothermal fluid with organic matter in the sediment is particularly strong at this site. This is most probably a sediment-hosted deposit in which sulphide minerals have deposited within the sediment column leaving ‘spent ore-fluids’ to emerge at the seafloor. The JADE site consists of active and inactive sulphide–sulphate chimneys and mounds. The Zn–Pb-rich sulphides at this site contain the highest concentrations of Pb, Ag and Au so far recorded in submarine hydrothermal sulphide deposits. At Minami-Ensei Knoll and Hatoma Knoll, active and inactive chimneys consist principally of anhydrite and barite as a result of phase separation of the hydrothermal fluids beneath the seafloor. An intense black smoker has recently been discovered at Yonaguni Knoll in the SPOT area. If it is confirmed that sulphide mineralization is dominant at this site, this could be a highly prospective area. The most prospective areas for economic-grade minerals in the Okinawa Trough appear to be the JADE site and the SPOT area. 相似文献
23.
西藏聂拉木高喜马拉雅结晶岩系在区域上以单一的叶理和单一的拉伸线理占主要地位,其变形带的组构主要反映了透入性的伸展变形;根据显微构造分析表明早期由北往南推覆,晚期由南向北伸展,且晚期表现非常明显。 相似文献
24.
间歇侧移式的裂陷与递进跳跃式的反转:以阜新煤盆地为例 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
位于闾山背斜隆起核部西侧的阜新断陷盆地从早白垩世义县组晚期开始,在东西两侧盆缘的F″1、F2断层所、围限的地堑内接受了义县组上部中性火山岩的堆积。火山喷发停止后,九佛堂组的大陆碎屑岩建造仍在F″1和F2断层之间的地堑内充填。九佛堂裂陷期之后该区地壳掀斜隆升,盆地南侧的义县地区开始反转抬升而不再接受沉积,西缘的F2断层也停止活动。到沙海组充填时盆地已演化为受F″1断层控制的、东断西超的半地堑盆地;沙海期裂陷终止后F″1断层停止活动,阜新组裂陷是在向东移的F′1盆缘断层控制下半地堑内发育的。阜新期裂陷结束后盆地又发生了一次跳跃式的反转,许多正断层发育成上逆下正的复合断层,并出现正花状构造。中白垩世孙家湾组的沉陷进一步向东侧移,形成了以F1断层为盆缘断层的半地堑;孙家湾期后发生本区最强烈的整体反转、隆升和褶断,结束了盆地的演化历史。阜新盆地间歇侧移式的裂陷与递进跳跃式的反转为盆地反转建立一个新的构造模式 相似文献
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Tectonometamorphic evolution of the Himalayan metamorphic core between the Annapurna and Dhaulagiri, central Nepal 总被引:12,自引:0,他引:12
The metamorphic core of the Himalaya in the Kali Gandaki valley of central Nepal corresponds to a 5-km-thick sequence of upper amphibolite facies metasedimentary rocks. This Greater Himalayan Sequence (GHS) thrusts over the greenschist to lower amphibolite facies Lesser Himalayan Sequence (LHS) along the Lower Miocene Main Central Thrust (MCT), and it is separated from the overlying low-grade Tethyan Zone (TZ) by the Annapurna Detachment. Structural, petrographic, geothermobarometric and thermochronological data demonstrate that two major tectonometamorphic events characterize the evolution of the GHS. The first (Eohimalayan) episode included prograde, kyanite-grade metamorphism, during which the GHS was buried at depths greater than c. 35 km. A nappe structure in the lowermost TZ suggests that the Eohimalayan phase was associated with underthrusting of the GHS below the TZ. A c. 37 Ma 40Ar/39Ar hornblende date indicates a Late Eocene age for this phase. The second (Neohimalayan) event corresponded to a retrograde phase of kyanite-grade recrystallization, related to thrust emplacement of the GHS on the LHS. Prograde mineral assemblages in the MCT zone equilibrated at average T =880 K (610 °C) and P =940 MPa (=35 km), probably close to peak of metamorphic conditions. Slightly higher in the GHS, final equilibration of retrograde assemblages occurred at average T =810 K (540 °C) and P=650 MPa (=24 km), indicating re-equilibration during exhumation controlled by thrusting along the MCT and extension along the Annapurna Detachment. These results suggest an earlier equilibration in the MCT zone compared with higher levels, as a consequence of a higher cooling rate in the basal part of the GHS during its thrusting on the colder LHS. The Annapurna Detachment is considered to be a Neohimalayan, synmetamorphic structure, representing extensional reactivation of the Eohimalayan thrust along which the GHS initially underthrust the TZ. Within the upper GHS, a metamorphic discontinuity across a mylonitic shear zone testifies to significant, late- to post-metamorphic, out-of-sequence thrusting. The entire GHS cooled homogeneously below 600–700 K (330–430 °C) between 15 and 13 Ma (Middle Miocene), suggesting a rapid tectonic exhumation by movement on late extensional structures at higher structural levels. 相似文献
27.
28.
我国大部分地区的小新生代盆地的成生、演化受断裂构造的控制,泰和盆地即是严格受断裂构造控制的走滑拉张型盆地。本文着重从盆地的基底构造、盆缘断裂构造及盆地同生、后期构造阐述了它们与盆地形成和演化的关系。 相似文献
29.
Study of the liquefaction resistance of a saturated sand reinforced with Geosynthetics 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
This article presents various tests using a cyclic triaxial instrument, on samples of saturated Hostun RF sand, reinforced with circular sheets of geosynthetic material. Tests performed with different types of geosynthetics of different compressibility, rigidity and roughness characteristics indicate a significant increase in liquefaction resistance for samples reinforced with compressible, non-woven geotextiles. The undrained behaviour of saturated Hostun RF sand reinforced with non-woven geotextiles is analysed on the basis of different test series. This analysis highlights the influence of reinforcement compressibility on interstitial pressure distribution in the sample, thus showing the role of this type of inclusion in the increase in liquefaction resistance. 相似文献
30.
北祁连加里东造山带从挤压到伸展造山机制的转换 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
早古生代早期,北祁连造山带发生强烈的挤压变形作用,形成加里东期的俯冲-增生杂岩、高压变质岩,并使造山带岩石圈地壳加厚缩短。志留纪末期,加厚的造山带岩石圈由于垮塌作用及根部的拆沉作用,使造山带从挤压造山机制转换为伸展造山机制,并进入后造山伸展作用阶段,增厚的岩石圈开始减薄,发生不同层次的伸展作用,同时伴随花岗岩及An∈变质岩的穹隆以及泥盆纪磨拉石盆地上叠盆地(C-T)的形成。石炭纪末,北祁连造山带岩石圈地壳已基本减薄到正常厚度。而现今的北祁连造山带的缩短和抬升则为喜马拉雅期再造山作用的产物 相似文献