Recharge areas and hydrochemistry of carbonate springs issuing from Semmering Massif, Austria, based on long-term oxygen-18 and hydrochemical data evidence     

Beyene Yehdegho  Peter Reichl 《Hydrogeology Journal》2002,10(6):628-642

Oxygen-18 content and hydrochemistry of the springs issuing from Semmering Massif was intensively monitored with the aim of characterizing the recharge areas and hydrochemical evolution. The δ¹⁸O-altitude effect was determined using isotopic and hydrogeological data for small, mainly crystalline reference springs; it was approximated at –0.27 and –0.21‰/100 m respectively for the northern and southern side of the massif. Applying these values the mean recharge altitude of the springs was calculated. For the large-capacity carbonate springs it ranges between 1,100–1,410 m, compatible with the topographic and hydrogeologic frame work of the Mesozoic limestones and dolomites comprised in the Lower Austroalpine feeding the springs. Hydrochemical composition of the carbonate springs is dominated by Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, HCO₃ ^– and SO₄ ^2– ions. With respect to calcite, the springs are nearly saturated, but undersaturated with dolomite (except for some springs that seemed close to saturation). As is typical for carbon dioxide influx from soils in a mountainous region, the mean equilibrium P_CO2 is low, within 10^–3.0 and 10^–2.5 atm (0.1–0.3 vol%). On a long-term scale, the pH and the calculated SI_c, SI_d and equilibrium P_CO2 show a strong seasonality, whereas Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺ and HCO₃ ^– concentration is almost time invariant. By integrating the results of δ¹⁸O and chemical data, altitudinal variability of the chemistry of carbonate groundwater is demonstrated. Reflecting the systematic change of biotic activity and recharge conditions in the catchment areas, a negative co-variation results between the recharge altitude and P_CO2 and HCO₃ ^– concentration (HCO₃ ^– is not modified by any source/sink terms, thus rendering the change on the carbonate chemistry). P_CO2 and HCO₃ ^– drop by approx. 0.22 log units (atm) and 38.6 mg/l, respectively, for every 100-m gain in recharge altitude. Electronic Publication  相似文献   

Paragenesis of Cretaceous to Eocene carbonate reservoirs in the Ionian fold and thrust belt (Albania): relation between tectonism and fluid flow   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

M. Van Geet  R. Swennen  C. Durmishi†  F. Roure‡  PH. Muchez 《Sedimentology》2002,49(4):697-718

ABSTRACT This paper examines the diagenetic history of dual (i.e. matrix and fracture) porosity reservoir lithologies in Cretaceous to Eocene carbonate turbidites of the Ionian fold and thrust belt, close to the oil‐producing centre of Fier–Ballsh (central Albania). The first major diagenetic event controlling reservoir quality was early cementation by isopachous and syntaxial low‐Mg calcite. These cements formed primarily around crinoid and rudist fragments, which acted as nucleation sites. In sediments in which these bioclasts are the major rock constituent, this cement can make up 30% of the rock volume, resulting in low effective porosity. In strata in which these bioclasts are mixed with reworkedmicrite, isopachous/syntaxial cements stabilized the framework, and matrixporosity is around 15%. The volumetric importance of these cements, their optical and luminescence character (distribution and dull orange luminescence) and stable isotopic signal (δ¹⁸O and δ¹³C averaging respectively; ?0·5‰ VPDB and +2‰ VPDB) all support a marine phreatic origin. Within these turbidites and debris flows, several generations of fractures alternated with episodes of cementation. A detailed reconstruction of this history was based on cross‐cutting relationships of fractures and compactional and layer‐parallel shortening (LPS) stylolites. The prefolding calcite veins possess orange cathodoluminescence similar to that of the host rock. Their stable isotope signatures (δ¹⁸O of ?3·86 to ?0·85‰ VPDB and δ¹³C of – 0·14 to + 2·98‰ VPDB) support a closed diagenetic rock‐buffered system. A similar closed system accounts for the selectively reopened and subsequently calcite‐cemented LPS stylolites (δ¹⁸O of ?1·81 to ?1·14‰ VPDB and δ¹³C of +1·52 to +2·56‰ VPDB). Within the prefolding veins, brecciated host rock fragments and complex textures such as crack and seal features resulted from hydraulic fracturing. They reflect expulsion of overpressured fluids within the footwall of the frontal thrusts. After folding and thrust sheet emplacement, some calcite veins are still rock buffered (δ¹⁸O of ?0·96 to +0·2‰ VPDB and δ¹³C of +0·79 to +1·37‰ VPDB), whereas others reflect external (i.e. extraformational) and thus large‐scale fluid fluxes. Some of these veins are linked to basement‐derived fluid circulation or originated from fluid flow along evaporitic décollement horizons (δ¹⁸O around +3·0‰ VPDB and δ¹³C around +1·5‰ VPDB). Others are related to the maturation of hydrocarbons in the system (δ¹⁸O around ?7·1‰ VPDB and δ¹³C around +9·3‰ VPDB). An open joint system reflecting an extensional stress regime developed during or after the final folding stage. This joint system enhanced vertical connectivity. This open joint network can be explained by the high palaeotopographical position and the folding of the reservoir analogue within the deformational front. The joint system is pre‐Burdigalian in age based upon a dated karstified discordance contact. Sediment‐filled karst cavity development is linked to meteoric water infiltration during emergence of some of the structures. Despite its sediment fill, the karst network is locally an important contributor to reservoir matrix porosity in otherwise tight lithologies. Development of secondary porosity along bed‐parallel and bed‐perpendicular (i.e. layer‐parallel shortening) stylolites is interpreted as a late‐stage diagenetic event associated with migration of acidic fluids during hydrocarbon maturation. Development of porosity along the LPS system enhanced the vertical reservoir connectivity.  相似文献   

从滨里海盆地上古生界油气探讨中国海相碳酸盐岩油气勘探的科学思路   总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6  

张景廉  王新民  李相博  于均民  周晓峰 《海相油气地质》2002,7(3):50-58

中国海相碳酸盐岩油气勘探“久攻不克”,其中碳酸盐岩有机质丰度和油气运移是两大难题。滨里海盆地上古生界油气储量的地质成藏条件分析提供了一种碳酸盐岩油气成藏模式,即碳酸盐岩油气生成与地幔流体以及与中地壳的低速、高导层有关。原油、沥青、干酪根的 Pb、Sr、Nd 同位素组成、碳酸盐岩矿物与含水矿物的高温、高压实验、热液条件下 HCO_3~-与 H_2的实验均证实了上述认识,油气可以通过无机反应生成。根据这一油气生成模式,应该重新审视中国油气勘探的方针。近期可在西部三大克拉通盆地(塔里木盆地、四川盆地、鄂尔多斯盆地)及南方海相碳酸盐岩地区以“碳酸盐岩—生物礁(白云岩化)—膏盐”的岩性结构为模式有望找到大型、超大型油气田,关键是对生物礁的勘探及识别技术的突破、白云岩孔洞、裂缝储层的识别、预测及膏盐层钻井技术的改进。  相似文献   

Mass transfer controlled by fracturing in micritic carbonate rocks     

James Richard  Michel Coulon  Patrick Gaviglio   《Tectonophysics》2002,350(1)

The fractured Coniacian chalk from the Omey area (Paris Basin, France) displays strong evidence of modifications controlled by brittle deformation. Fracturing is associated with important changes in pore space (decrease in total porosity and pore interconnection, change in distribution of pore access diameters and capillary characteristics), nannofacies (gradual evolution from a point-contact fabric to a welded, interlocked or coalescent fabric) and chemical composition (Sr concentration decrease). These modifications result from fluid–rock interaction that control significant mass transfer (percentage of secondary calcite >50%). Sr is a remarkable indicator of these mass transfers. Sr analyses allowed us to prove that the deformed zone (26.7 m) is wider than the fractured zone (11.3 m). They also indicate that the footwall block is less affected than the hanging wall block. A physicochemical model of the deformation mechanism is proposed. It shows that a cyclic process of fracturing controls the temporal evolution of the fluid saturation and fluid pressure and, consequently, the mass transfer.  相似文献   

鄂尔多斯盆地中奥陶统马家沟组沉积环境模式   总被引：14，自引：7，他引：14  

侯方浩  方少仙  赵敬松  董兆雄  李凌  吴诒  陈娅娜 《海相油气地质》2002,7(1):38-46

中奥陶统马家沟组是鄂尔多斯盆地的主要天然气储集层之一。奥陶纪由于西边贺兰裂谷和南面秦岭裂谷发生扩张裂离,在盆地西缘和南缘产生裂谷肩翘升,形成 L 形隆起带。在均衡补偿作用下,隆起带东侧伴生一西缓东陡不对称的(内)陆架盆地。研究建立的东西向穿越(内)陆架盆地中心的沉积模式表明:当高海平面时期,L形隆起带沉没于海平面之下,(内)陆架盆地海水环境正常,气候湿润,石灰岩沉积遍及整个盆地;包括隆起带上,仅(内)陆架盆地风暴浪基面之下中心位置有少量灰质白云岩和白云岩沉积。低海平面时期,气候干旱,L 形隆起带接近或有时出露海平面之上,(内)陆架盆地海水补给主要来自东方,(内)陆架盆地处于半局限和局限环境,盆地中心沉积了硬石膏岩和白云岩,盆缘硬石膏岩白云岩坪为白云岩沉积区。极低海平面时期,气候极为干旱,L 形隆起带成为剥蚀区,(内)陆架盆地仅能从东面获得少量已浓缩的海水补给,盆地海水中 CaSO_4和 NaC1高度浓缩,盆地中心沉积石盐岩,盆缘白云岩硬石膏岩坪则沉积硬石膏岩,夹石盐岩和白云岩。L 形隆起带以西毗邻贺兰海槽陡斜坡带,发育各类重力流碳酸盐岩沉积环境,海槽内沉积碳酸盐和硅质碎屑混积型浊积岩。L 形隆起带以南,即渭北隆起地区,整个马家沟期发育为末端变陡的缓坡沉积环境。  相似文献   

The Carbonate Radical (HCO3·/CO3–·) as a Reactive Intermediate in Water Chemistry: Kinetics and Modelling     

Th. Umschlag  H. Herrmann 《洁净——土壤、空气、水》1999,27(4):214-222

Results from kinetic laboratory studies of reactions of the carbonate radical anion (CO₃^–·) with aromatic compounds in aqueous solution at T = 298 K are presented. Data were obtained in using a laser photolysis laser long-path absorption (LP-LPLA) apparatus which was designed for direct time-resolved studies of radical reactions. For the reactions of CO₃^–· with hydroquinone dimethyl ether (2), methyl anisole (3), benzene (4), p-xylene (5), toluene (6), chlorobenzene (7), nitrobenzene (8), and benzonitrile (9), rate coefficients of k₂ = (3.0 ± 0.6)·10⁷ M^–1 s^–1, k₃ = (9.7 ± 1.7)·10⁵ M^–1 s^–1, k₄ = (3.2 ± 0.7)·10⁵ M^–1 s^–1, k₅ = (3.8 ± 0.9)·10⁴ M^–1 s^–1, k₆ = (6.8 ± 2.3)·10⁴ M^–1 s^–1, k₇ = (2.7 ± 0.6)·10⁵ M^–1 s^–1, k₈ = (1.4 ± 0.5)·10⁴ M^–1 s^–1, and k₉ < 1.3·10² M^–1 s^–1 were obtained. In further studies the effect of temperature on the reactions (2), (4), and (5) has been studied. The kinetic data obtained for the reaction of the carbonate radical anion with aromatic compounds were compared to the corresponding reactions of the hydroxyl radical. Finally, these kinetic data were used within a simple model system to investigate the implications of carbonate radical anion kinetics within water treatment processes. It is shown that the degradation of organic pollutants in ^·OH-radical based water treatment may proceed via the CO₃^–·/HCO_3· radical under certain conditions.  相似文献   

基于压缩感知和宽带俞式低通整形滤波器的地震低频信息特征分析与补偿          下载免费PDF全文

丁燕  杜启振  刘力辉  张强 《地球物理学报》2019,62(6):2267-2275

碳酸盐岩储集层已成为世界石油新发现储量的重要组成部分,识别该类储层对地震数据的信噪比、分辨率以及成像精度提出了更高的要求.本文从地震低频信号缺失的问题出发,首先研究了低频信号缺失对子波、合成地震记录和波阻抗反演的影响,其次分析了深层碳酸盐岩裂缝储层中弱信号低频缺失的特征.针对低频信号缺失问题,本文利用压缩感知理论,并结合反射系数的稀疏特性,提出了自适应计算L1范数权重因子的方法,同时构建了改进的宽带俞式低通整形滤波器,在不影响地震高频信号的同时对地震弱信号进行低频补偿.结果表明,缺失低频信号,会使子波旁瓣变大,合成记录出现假同相轴,厚层波阻抗反演畸变,深层碳酸盐岩裂缝储层弱信号难以识别;而本文方法有效地补偿了深层碳酸盐岩裂缝储层弱信号10Hz以下的频率成分,使得波组反射特征更加清晰,深层弱信号成像质量得到改善,为进一步有效识别深层碳酸盐岩裂缝储层建立了基础.  相似文献   

一种缝洞型碳酸盐岩储层胶结指数m计算新方法   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3       下载免费PDF全文

田瀚  沈安江  张建勇  冯庆付  王慧  辛勇光  李文正  李昌  田明智  张豪 《地球物理学报》2019,62(6):2276-2285

碳酸盐岩储集空间类型多样、孔隙结构复杂,具有很强的非均质性,使得传统的阿尔奇公式应用效果不佳,主要原因之一在于胶结指数m的无法准确确定.基于多孔介质理论,在深入分析不同孔隙空间对储层导电贡献外,进一步考虑了孔隙形态对导电性能的影响,尤其是裂缝倾角,进而给出了全新的计算胶结指数m的方法,并深入剖析组成碳酸盐岩复杂孔隙空间的各部分对胶结指数m的影响.认为对于物性较差的缝洞型储层,裂缝倾角对胶结指数m的影响很大,当裂缝角度较小时,裂缝会使胶结指数m变小,而当裂缝角度较大时,裂缝反而会使胶结指数m变大;当储层物性很好时,裂缝倾角的影响则可以忽略.实际应用表明,利用基于裂缝倾角的多孔介质模型得到的胶结指数m所计算的含水饱和度精度相比传统方法有较大提高,且该方法适用于任何类型的储层,具有很好的应用性.  相似文献   

Results of a walk-above vertical seismic profiling survey acquired at the Thônex-01 geothermal well (Switzerland) to delineate fractured carbonate formations for geothermal development     

L. Guglielmetti  F. Poletto  P. Corubolo  A. Bitri  C. Dezayes  B.M. Farina  F. Martin  F. Meneghini  A. Moscariello  C. Nawratil de Bono  A. Schleifer 《Geophysical Prospecting》2020,68(4):1139-1153

This paper deals with the design, acquisition and processing of vertical seismic profiling data collected in 2016 at the directional Thônex-01 geothermal well, drilled in 1993 in the Geneva Canton (Switzerland). The aim of the study was to obtain additional information from existing-abandoned well for downhole geophysical characterization of potential geothermal reservoirs in the Geneva area. The main results obtained by this study allowed an improved subsurface image by multi-offset acquisitions near and around the deviated well. Specifically we were able to (1) improve the velocity model of the Geneva Basin, which, at present, is only constrained by one unique deep exploration well, located at the south-west of the basin, far away from the study area; (2) image the transition between the Tertiary Molasse siliciclastic sediments and the Mesozoic carbonates; (3) define an acquisition strategy for future vertical seismic profiling surveys in support of the geothermal exploration campaigns in the area. This study has demonstrated the value of vertical seismic profiling method for the refinement of the subsurface geology at local scale, and its usefulness to assist the planning of second well associated with geothermal doublets.  相似文献   

A fast identification method based on the typical geophysical differences between submarine shallow carbonates and hydrate bearing sediments in the northern South China Sea     

《China Geology》2020,3(1):16-27

Bottom simulating reflector (BSR) has been recognized as one of the indicators of gas hydrates. However, BSR and hydrate are not one-to-one correspondence. In the Xisha area of South China Sea (SCS), carbonate rocks wildly develop, which continuously distribute parallel to the seafloor with high amplitude on seismic sections, exhibiting reflections similar to BSRs in the Shenhu area nearby. This phenomenon causes some interference to hydrates identification. In this paper, the authors discussed the typical geophysical differences between carbonate rocks and hydrates, indicating that the main difference exists in relationship between porosity and velocity, causing different amplitude versus offset (AVO) characters. Then the authors proposed a new model assuming that the carbonates form the matrix and the hydrate fill the pore as a part of the matrix. The key modeling parameters have been optimized constrained by P-velocities and S-velocities simultaneously, and the model works well both for carbonate rock and gas hydrate bearing sediments. For quantitative identification, the authors calculated the velocities when carbonates and hydrates form the matrix together in different proportions. Then they proposed a carbonate and hydrate identification template (CHIT), in which the possible hydrate saturation (PHS) and possible carbonate content (PCC) can be both scaled out for a group of sample composed by P-velocity and S-velocity. If PHS is far larger than PCC, it is more likely to be a hydrate sample because carbonates and hydrates do not coexist normally. The real data application shows that the template can effectively distinguish between hydrates and carbonate rocks, consequently reducing the risk of hydrate exploration.  相似文献