Modern and historical tropical cyclone and tsunami deposits at the coast of Myanmar: Implications for their identification and preservation in the geological record     

Dominik Brill  Katharina Seeger  Anna Pint  Felix Reize  Kay Thwe Hlaing  Martin Seeliger  Stephan Opitz  Khin Mi Mi Win  Win Thuzar Nyunt  Nilar Aye  Aung Aung  Kyaw Kyaw  Frauke Kraas  Helmut Brückner 《Sedimentology》2020,67(3):1431-1459

The catastrophic storm surge of tropical cyclone Nargis in May 2008 demonstrated Myanmar's exposure to coastal flooding. The investigation of sediments left by tropical cyclone Nargis and its predecessors is an important contribution to prepare for the impact of future tropical cyclones and tsunamis in the region, because they may extend the database for long-term hazard assessment beyond the relatively short instrumental and historical record. This study, for the first time, presents deposits of modern and historical tropical cyclones and tsunamis from the coast of Myanmar. The aim is to establish regional sedimentary characteristics that may help to identify and discriminate cyclones and tsunamis in the geological record, and to document post-depositional changes due to tropical weathering in the first years after deposition. These findings if used to interpret older deposits will extend the existing instrumental record of flooding events in Myanmar. Evaluating deposits that can be related to specific events, such as the 2006 tropical cyclone Mala and the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami, indicates similar sedimentary characteristics for both types of sediments. Landward thinning and fining trends, littoral sediment sources and sharp lower contacts allow for the differentiation from underlying deposits, while discrimination between tropical cyclone and tsunami origin is challenging based on the applied methods. The modern analogues also demonstrate a rather low preservation potential of the sand sheets due to carbonate dissolution, formation of organic top soils, and coastal erosion. However, in coastal depressions sand sheets of sufficient thickness (>10 cm) may be preserved where the shoreline is prograding or stable. In the most seaward swale of a beach-ridge plain at the Rakhine coast, two sand sheets have been identified in addition to the deposits of 2006 tropical cyclone Mala. Based on a combination of optically stimulated luminescence, radiocarbon and ¹³⁷Cs dating, the younger sand layer is related to 1982 tropical cyclone Gwa, while the older sand layer is most probably the result of an event that took place prior to 1950. Comparison with historical records indicates that the archive is only sensitive to tropical cyclones of category 4 (or higher) with landfall directly in or a few tens of kilometres north of the study area. While the presented tropical cyclone records are restricted to the last 100 years, optically stimulated luminescence ages of the beach ridges indicate that the swales landward of the one investigated in this study might provide tropical cyclone information for at least the past 700 years.  相似文献   

The sediment-fill of Pago Pago Bay (Tutuila Island,American Samoa): New insights on the sediment record of past tsunamis     

Brieuc Riou  Eric Chaumillon  Jean-Luc Schneider  Thierry Corrège  Catherine Chagué 《Sedimentology》2020,67(3):1577-1600

Extensive bathymetric and two-dimensional seismic surveys have been carried out and cores collected in Pago Pago Bay (Tutuila, American Samoa) in order to describe and gain a better understanding of the sediment fill of the bay, which was affected by the 2009 South Pacific Tsunami. Eight sedimentary units were identified over the volcanic bedrock. The basal transgressive unit displays retrograding onlaps towards the shore, whereas the overlying seven aggradational layers alternate between four draping units and three pinching out seaward units. ‘Core to seismic’ correlation reveals that draping units are composed of homogeneous silts, while pinching out units are dominated by very coarse coral fragments showing fresh cuts, mixed with Halimeda plates. The basal unit is attributed to transgressive sedimentation in response to flooding of the bay after the last glacial maximum, followed by the upper aggradational units corresponding to highstand sedimentation. The changeovers in these upper units indicate an alternation between low-energy silt units and high-energy coral debris units interpreted as tsunami-induced deposits. The ¹⁴C dating reveals that high-energy sedimentation units can last up to approximately 2000 years while low-energy sedimentation units can last up to approximately 1000 years. This alternation, deposited during the last highstand, may be explained by cycles of tectonic activity and quiescence of the Tonga Trench subduction, which is the main source of tsunamigenic earthquakes impacting the Samoan archipelago. In the uppermost silt unit, only the geochemical signature of the terrestrial input of the 2009 SPT backwash deposits was detected between 7 cm and 9 cm depth. Hence, Pago Pago Bay offers a unique sediment record of Holocene bay-fill under the impact of past tsunamis intermittently during the last 7000 years.  相似文献   

自一里电站地下硐室涌突水危险性分析     

张世殊  刘希  施裕兵  许模  彭仕雄  康小兵 《四川地质学报》2020,40(1):64-67,85

地下工程涌突水是影响工程施工及运行的一个重要问题,目前对水电站地下工程涌突水危险性评价的研究较少。本文以自一里水电站为例,参考已有且较为完善的岩溶隧道涌突水及非可溶岩长深隧道涌突水的危险性评价方法,从地下水通道和地下水来源(补给)两个涌突水控制因素入手,综合分析各项要素,对自一里电站地下硐室的涌突水危险性进行初步分区。结果表明:自一里电站厂址区整体涌突水危险性较低,但在局部地段有发生涌水的可能。厂址区硐室按照涌突水危险性高低可分为较高危险区、中等危险区和低危险区。  相似文献   

渤海海域历史地震和海啸   总被引：8，自引：1，他引：7       下载免费PDF全文

王健 《地震学报》2007,29(5):549-557

渤海海域中小地震定量分析结果显示,渤海中存在多个地震密集区. 地震密集多呈NE向分布,但也确有NW向活动存在. 大致以39deg;N为界,渤海南部与北部的地震活动差异悬殊,几乎所有的强震和中小地震密集都集中于南部. 综合史料和中小地震密集特征, 对公元1548年震中位置进行了校订,对1888年地震的震级进行了讨论. 探讨了173年地震事件作为一次地震海啸的可能性. 对1597年地震事件作为一次渤海强震提出了质疑.   相似文献   

Modelling Solitary Waves and Its Impact on Coastal Houses with SPH Method   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

LIANG  Dong-fang  N.  I.  Thusyanthan  S.  P.  Gopal  Madabhushi  唐洪武 《中国海洋工程》2010,24(2):353-368

The interaction between solid structures and free-surface flows is investigated in this study. A Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) model is used in the investigation and is verified against analytical solutions and experimental observations. The main aim is to examine the effectiveness of a tsunami-resistant house design by predicting the wave loads on it. To achieve this, the solitary wave generation and run-up are studied first. The solitary wave is generated by allowing a heavily weighted block to penetrate into a tank of water at one end, and the near-shore seabed is modelled by an inclined section with a constant slope. Then, the SPH model is applied to simulate the three-dimensional flows around different types of houses under the action of a solitary wave. It has been found that the tsunami-resistant house design reduces the impact force by a factor of three.  相似文献   

南海主要岛礁概率海啸风险评估          下载免费PDF全文

赵广生  牛小静 《海岸工程》2021,40(1):1-9

影响地震海啸的震源参数众多且具有很强的不确定性,充分评估海啸风险需要大量的情景模拟.本文基于建立的概率海啸风险模型,采用一种高效的海啸模拟方法,评估了南海主要岛礁的概率海啸风险.通过对历史地震数据的分析,综合考虑震级、震中位置、震源深度的随机性,形成了百万数量级的潜在地震情景集,并通过叠加近似方法实现了大量地震情景引发...  相似文献   

海啸初期诱发形成阶段的研究          下载免费PDF全文

刘双庆  朱元清 《地震工程学报》2008,30(1):79-87

对近年来有关海啸初期阶段几种激发模式的理论与实验研究的成果做了总体的回顾与阐述,同时对一些存在的问题和前人未给予说明的地方做了些扩充.  相似文献