THE MOST PERFECT EXAMPLE OF AN ALIEN ECOLOGY EVER CONSTRUCTED     

《The Professional geographer》2013,65(4):471-477

Much science-fiction literature is based upon the creation and exploration of alternative environments. Stanley G. Weinbaum's short story, “Parasite Planet,”introduces an unusual environment that may be wrong in the light of recent evidence on Venus but still stimulates the geographical imagination.  相似文献   

City generics: external urban relations in ancient-Mesopotamian and modern-global city networks     

Peter J. Taylor 《Urban geography》2013,34(8):1210-1230

City generics is a research choice to explore continuities of urban process across time and space. Central flow theory is interpreted as generic and is operationalized using the interlocking network model. A nuanced generic approach is developed that respects differences in inter-city relations found in dissimilar social worlds, defined as world-systems. This is illustrated through the application of the interlocking network model to extremely different world-systems – the contemporary world-economy and the ancient Mesopotamian world-empire. In both cases data is collected and analysed to reveal a city network at the centre of societal reproduction; advanced producer services are enabling of corporate globalization through cities; advanced divine services are enabling of spiritual-political change through cities. Both analyses produce credible geographical results so that similarities and differences in results can be discussed as generic inter-city relations.  相似文献   

Holocene palaeohydrology,groundwater and climate change in the lake basins of the Central Kenya Rift     

《水文科学杂志》2013,58(4):765-780

Abstract

The Central Kenya Rift contains small soda lakes such as Nakuru, Elmenteita and Bogoria, freshwater Lake Naivasha, and the partly (spatially) freshwater Lake Baringo. The hydrology of this area is controlled mainly by climate, tectonically controlled morphological and volcanic barriers, faults, and local water-table variations. Much of the area relies on groundwater for human and industrial use, though there are widespread quality issues particularly in relation to fluoride. Despite the huge demand for the resource, little is known about the highly complex groundwater systems; lacking monitoring data, an assessment is developed on the basis of regional geological, hydrogeological and hydrochemical analyses. Significant hydrological changes have taken place in the region over the last 10 000 years as a result of global, regional and local changes, but the impacts on groundwater resources are still largely unknown. The IPCC projects a 10–15% increase of rainfall in the area, but it may not necessarily result in a proportional increase in groundwater recharge. High groundwater recharge periods appear to be anchored on a decadal cycle.  相似文献   

Observed trends and relationships between ENSO and standardized hydrometeorological drought indices in central Chile     

Melanie Oertel  Francisco Javier Meza  Jorge Gironás 《水文研究》2020,34(2):159-174

Droughts are natural phenomena that severely affect socio economic and ecological systems. In Chile, population and economic activities are highly concentrated in its central region (i.e. between latitudes 29°S and 40°S), which periodically suffers from severe droughts affecting agriculture, hydropower, and mining. Understanding the dynamics of droughts and large-scale atmospheric processes that influence the occurrence of dry spells is essential for forecasting and efficient early detection of drought events. Central Chile's climate is marked by a significant El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) influence that might help to better characterize droughts as well as to identify the effects of ENSO on the spatial and temporal characteristics of meteorological and hydrological droughts in the region. We analysed the behaviour of the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) and Standardized Streamflow Index (SSI) time series for 6-month accumulation periods over the austral winter and summer seasons. Multiple linear regression (MLR) and Generalized Linear Models (GLM) showed a significant ENSO influence on dry events for SPEI-6 and SSI-6 during winter and summer. We found that the magnitude of correlation between ENSO and SPEI-6 has changed over the last decades becoming weaker in winter periods and increasing in spring summer periods. Increasing trends in meteorological and hydrological drought events were also identified, along all latitudes, with significant trends during winter in the southern latitudes, and during summer in the semi-arid and Mediterranean zones. These results indicate that drought mitigation actions and policies are necessary to overcome their adverse effects. Given the monthly persistence of ENSO and its relationship to drought indices, there are opportunities for drought monitoring and seasonal forecasting that could become part of national drought management systems.  相似文献   

Petrology and zircon U–Pb dating of well‐preserved eclogites from the Thongmön area in central Himalaya and their tectonic implications     

Qingyun Li  Lifei Zhang  Bin Fu  Tomas Bader  Huanglu Yu 《Journal of Metamorphic Geology》2019,37(2):203-226

The discovery of eclogites is reported within the Great Himalayan Crystalline Complex in the Thongmön area, central Himalaya, and their metamorphic evolution is deciphered by petrographic studies, pseudosection modelling, and zircon dating. For the first time, omphacite has been found in the matrix of eclogites taken from a metamorphic mafic lens. Two groups of garnet have been identified in the Thongmön eclogites on the basis of major and rare earth elements and mineral inclusions. Core and intermediate sections of garnet represent Grt I, in which the major elements (Ca, Mg, and Fe) show a nearly homogenous distribution with little or weak zonation. This Grt I displays an almost flat chondrite‐normalized HREE pattern, and the main inclusions are amphibole, apatite, quartz, and abundant omphacite. Grt II, forms thin rims on large garnet grains, and is characterized by rim‐ward Ca decrease and Mg increase and MREE enrichment relative to HREE and LREE. No amphibole inclusions are found in Grt II, indicating the decomposition of amphibole contributed to its MREE enrichment. Two metamorphic stages, recorded by matrix minerals and inclusions in garnet and zircon, outline the burial of the Thongmön eclogites and progressive metamorphic processes to the pressure peak: (a) the assemblage of amphibole–garnet–omphacite–phengite–rutile–quartz, with the phengite interpreted as having been replaced by Bt+Pl symplectites, represents the prograde amphibole eclogite facies stage M1₍₁₎, (b) in the peak eclogite facies [stage M1₍₂₎], amphibole was lost and melting started. Based on the compositions of garnet and omphacite inclusions, M1₍₁₎ is constrained to 19–20 kbar and 640–660°C and M1₍₂₎ occurred at >21 kbar, >750°C, with appearance of melt and its entrapment in metamorphic zircon. SHRIMP U–Pb dating of zircon from two eclogite samples yielded consistent metamorphic ages of 16.7 ± 0.6 Ma and 17.1 ± 0.4 Ma respectively. The metamorphic zircon grew concurrently with Grt II in the peak eclogite facies. Thongmön eclogites characterized by the prograde metamorphism from amphibolite facies to eclogite facies were formed by the continuing continental subduction of Indian plate beneath the Euro‐Asian continent in the Miocene.  相似文献   

Tracer hydrology of the data-scarce and heterogeneous Central American Isthmus     

Ricardo Sánchez-Murillo  Germain Esquivel-Hernández  José L. Corrales-Salazar  Laura Castro-Chacón  Ana M. Durán-Quesada  Manuel Guerrero-Hernández  Valeria Delgado  Javier Barberena  Katia Montenegro-Rayo  Heyddy Calderón  Carlos Chevez  Tania Peña-Paz  Saúl García-Santos  Pedro Ortiz-Roque  Yaneth Alvarado-Callejas  Laura Benegas  Antonio Hernández-Antonio  Marcela Matamoros-Ortega  Lucia Ortega  Stefan Terzer-Wassmuth 《水文研究》2020,34(11):2660-2675

Numerous socio-economic activities depend on the seasonal rainfall and groundwater recharge cycle across the Central American Isthmus. Population growth and unregulated land use changes resulted in extensive surface water pollution and a large dependency on groundwater resources. This work combines stable isotope variations in rainfall, surface water, and groundwater of Costa Rica, Nicaragua, El Salvador, and Honduras to develop a regionalized rainfall isoscape, isotopic lapse rates, spatial–temporal isotopic variations, and air mass back trajectories determining potential mean recharge elevations, moisture circulation patterns, and surface water–groundwater interactions. Intra-seasonal rainfall modes resulted in two isotopically depleted incursions (W-shaped isotopic pattern) during the wet season and two enriched pulses during the mid-summer drought and the months of the strongest trade winds. Notable isotopic sub-cloud fractionation and near-surface secondary evaporation were identified as common denominators within the Central American Dry Corridor. Groundwater and surface water isotope ratios depicted the strong orographic separation into the Caribbean and Pacific domains, mainly induced by the governing moisture transport from the Caribbean Sea, complex rainfall producing systems across the N-S mountain range, and the subsequent mixing with local evapotranspiration, and, to a lesser degree, the eastern Pacific Ocean fluxes. Groundwater recharge was characterized by (a) depleted recharge in highland areas (72.3%), (b) rapid recharge via preferential flow paths (13.1%), and enriched recharge due to near-surface secondary fractionation (14.6%). Median recharge elevation ranged from 1,104 to 1,979 m a.s.l. These results are intended to enhance forest conservation practices, inform water protection regulations, and facilitate water security and sustainability planning in the Central American Isthmus.  相似文献   

PCDD/Fs in sediments of Central Vietnam coastal lagoons: in search of TCDD     

Piazza R  Giuliani S  Bellucci LG  Mugnai C  Cu NH  Nhon DH  Vecchiato M  Romano S  Frignani M 《Marine pollution bulletin》2010,60(12):2303-2310

Samples from nine Central Vietnam coastal lagoons, together with three soils and sediments collected in two freshwater reservoirs of the Thua Thien-Hué province, were analysed for polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs). Total concentrations are low, from 192 to 2912 pg g⁻¹ and depth profiles in Tam Giang-Cau Hai (TG-CH) sediment cores show only minor changes over time in PCDD/F input and composition. Octachloro dibenzo-p-dioxin (OCDD) is the prevailing congener (approximately 90%), indicating combustion as the main PCDD/F source to these coastal systems, whereas natural formation might be partly responsible for the presence at depth. 2,3,7,8-Tetrachloro dibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), largely sprayed together with Agent Orange over the study areas during the war (1961–1971), is absent or very low. This result supports the hypothesis of strong degradation soon after spraying. Multivariate statistical analyses account for the presence of local, short-range sources as observed in the northern part of the TG-CH lagoon.  相似文献   

The Luingo caldera: The south-easternmost collapse caldera in the Altiplano–Puna plateau,NW Argentina     

Silvina Guzmán  Ivan Petrinovic 《Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research》2010

This article identifies the Pucarilla–Cerro Tipillas Volcanic Complex and its major eruptive source, the Luingo caldera (26° 10′S–66° 40′W). Detailed geological mapping, stratigraphic sections, facies analysis and correlations, including the identification of typical caldera components, allow us to infer the position of a collapse caldera, elongated at N65° and with a diameter of 19 km × 13 km, which is responsible for an eruption of 135 km³ (DRE) of magma. The high-crystal contents of the associated ignimbrites, combined with its tectonic setting, indicate that regional and local tectonic structures played a crucial role in the formation of the caldera.  相似文献   

松辽盆地北部中浅层区域成岩规律及影响因素   总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6       下载免费PDF全文

孟元林  高煜婷  吴河勇  王成  修洪文  张安达  李亚光  姜文亚 《古地理学报》2010,12(1):97-106

为了研究松辽盆地北部中浅层的区域成岩规律及其影响因素,将该区划分为9个成岩区。分别研 究了各成岩区的成岩特征,应用流体包裹体均一温度、镜质组反射率、孢粉颜色指数、色谱-质谱分析、热解 分析、有机酸测定、Ｘ衍射、普通薄片镜下鉴定、扫描电镜、电子探针、铸体薄片鉴定等资料分别划分了它们 的成岩阶段。研究结果表明：松辽盆地北部中浅层的成岩作用具有 “ 东强西弱,古强新弱”的成岩规律,盆地 东部的抬升剥蚀幅度大,地温梯度高,成岩作用强;盆地西部的抬升剥蚀幅度小,地温梯度低,成岩作用弱; 泉三、四段的地层时代相对较老,在埋深相同的情况下,成岩时间较长,成岩作用相对较强。  相似文献   

冀中坳陷饶阳凹陷蠡县斜坡带特征与层序地层发育模式及主控因素   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0       下载免费PDF全文

杨帆  于兴河  张峰  李胜利  任小军 《古地理学报》2010,12(1):82-89

蠡县斜坡是冀中坳陷饶阳凹陷西部的一个古近系构造-沉积型斜坡,该斜坡南、北两个区域由于 构造活动强弱程度的不同以及物源供给充足程度的差异,使其在斜坡类型、层序地层的对称性、湖平面的变化 及沉积充填特征等方面均有不同。主要表现为斜坡北部具有构造-沉积型斜坡的特征,在沙三上亚段沉积时期 构造活动强烈,构造坡折明显,层序地层格架具明显的三分性,发育了构造控制下的以高位体系域占优势的不 对称层序,以顺流加积的辫状河三角洲沉积为主;沙二段沉积时期构造活动减弱,物源供给控制了层序的发育 特征,由于北部物源欠发育,泥层厚度较大,以 “ 泥包砂”为特点;沙一段沉积时期北部由于物源供给不足, A/S值逐渐加大,导致地层退积明显,在湖泛时期沉积了一套较厚的砂岩。而南部为典型的单斜型沉积斜坡, 斜坡区不发育坡折,缺少低位体系域,沉积了以前积为主的三角洲体系;在沙二段沉积、沙一段沉积时期,物 源供给和湖平面变化控制了层序的发育,南部受主物源影响,形成了大套分布广泛的三角洲前缘砂体,以 “ 砂 包泥”为特征。  相似文献