西藏那曲地区畜牧业生态系统功能评价     

李祥妹 《山地学报》2002,20(6):701-705

畜牧业生态系统功能评价是进行草地系统保护与管理、防治草地退化的前提，是畜牧业系统优化和持续发展的根本。为此，以西藏自治区那曲地区草地为研究对象，通过设立评价指标，建立多因子评价模式，采用三角分析法对区域内畜牧业生态系统的社会、经济、生态功能进行综合评价。为区域畜牧业未来发展提供依据。  相似文献   

Carbon neutrality and mitigating contribution of terrestrial carbon sink on anthropogenic climate warming in China,the United States,Russia and Canada     

CUI Yaoping  LI Nan  FU Yiming  CHEN Liangyu 《地理学报(英文版)》2021,31(7):925-937

Carbon dioxide(CO_2) is a major climate forcing factor, closely related to human activities. Quantifying the contribution of CO_2 emissions to the global radiative forcing(RF) is therefore important to evaluate climate effects caused by anthropogenic and natural factors. China, the United States(USA), Russia and Canada are the largest countries by land area, at different levels of socio-economic development. In this study, we used data from the CarbonTracker CO_2 assimilation model(CT2017 data set) to analyze anthropogenic CO_2 emissions and terrestrial ecosystem carbon sinks from 2000 to 2016. We derived net RF contributions and showed that anthropogenic CO_2 emissions had increased significantly from 2000 to 2016, at a rate of 0.125 PgC yr~(-1). Over the same period, carbon uptake by terrestrial ecosystems increased at a rate of 0.003 PgC yr~(-1). Anthropogenic CO_2 emissions in China and USA accounted for 87.19% of the total, while Russian terrestrial ecosystems were the largest carbon sink and absorbed 14.69 PgC. The resulting cooling effect was-0.013 W m~(-2) in 2016, representing an offset of-45.06% on climate warming induced by anthropogenic CO_2. This indicates that net climate warming would be significantly overestimated if terrestrial ecosystems were not included in RF budget analyses. In terms of cumulative effects, we analyzed RFs using reference atmospheres of 1750, at the start of the Industrial Revolution, and 2000, the initial year of this study. Anthropogenic CO_2 emissions in the study area contributed by + 0.42 W m~(-2) and +0.32 W m~(-2) to the global RF, relative to CO_2 levels of 1750 and 2000, respectively. We also evaluated correlations between global mean atmospheric temperature and net, anthropogenic and natural RFs. We found that the combined(net) RF caused by CO_2 emissions accounted for 30.3% of global mean temperature variations in 2000–2016.  相似文献   

中美俄加陆域碳汇对人为增温的消减贡献     

崔耀平  李楠  付一鸣  陈良雨 《地理学报》2021,76(1):167-177

作为主要的气候强迫因子,CO₂与人类活动密切相关,但很多研究往往忽视了陆地生态系统碳汇对人为排放CO₂增温的消减作用。俄罗斯、加拿大、中国和美国是世界上地域面积最大、且社会经济处于不同发展阶段的4个国家,将短时期内CO₂排放所引起的辐射强迫进行量化分析,对于评估人为和自然因素对气候的影响非常重要。本文基于CO₂同化数据,利用“碳—气候”参数化方案,在分析人为碳排放及其气候效应的同时,考虑陆地生态系统碳汇的气候效应,进而得到4个国家的全球辐射强迫。结果显示：① 2000—2016年,4个国家人为排放的CO₂均呈明显增加趋势（0.125 Pg C a ^-1）,但陆地生态系统的碳汇作用也不断增强（0.003 Pg C a ^-1）;其中,中美两国总的人为碳排放占了4个国家的87.19%,而俄罗斯陆地生态系统的吸收碳能力最强,总量达14.69 Pg C。② 截至2016年,陆地生态系统的降温效应达-0.013 W m ^-2,可消减人为碳排放增温效应的45.06%。充分说明若不考虑陆地生态系统,将会明显高估人为碳排放的增温效应。③ 整体上,相对于2000年和工业革命前的CO₂浓度水平,4个国家总的人为碳排放分别贡献了0.32 W m ^-2和0.42 W m ^-2的全球辐射强迫。本文还进一步探讨了温度与辐射强迫的线性关系,相对于单一的人为或者自然因素而言,综合两者的辐射强迫,与相应时段的气温变化可解释度最高,达30.3%。  相似文献   

气候变化对中亚草地生态系统碳循环的影响研究   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1       下载免费PDF全文

韩其飞  陆研  李超凡 《干旱区地理》2018,41(6):1351-1357

准确评估草地生产力、碳源/碳汇功能,分析气候变化对草地生态系统碳循环的影响,对于草地资源的合理开发和有效保护至关重要。选取对气候变化以及人类干扰高度敏感的中亚干旱区草地生态系统为研究对象,利用Biome-BGC模型,模拟分析其NPP、NEP的年际变化趋势及其空间分布格局。结果显示：（1）1979-2011年中亚地区草地生态系统NPP年平均值为135.6 gC·m^-2·a^-1,且随着时间的推移呈现出波动下降的趋势,下降速率为0.34 gC·m^-2·a^-1。（2）NEP的年平均值为-8.3 gC·m^-2·a^-1,表现为碳源,且该值随着时间的推移呈现出波动上升的趋势,上升速率为0.58 gC·m^-2·a^-1。（3）NPP高值区域在降水较为丰富的天山山脉附近以及哈萨克斯坦北部。（4）NPP的年际变化与降水量的年际变化趋势基本一致,相关系数为0.52;NPP与温度的相关系数为-0.28,未达到显著相关水平。本研究实现了Biome-BGC模型在中亚干旱区草地生态系统的应用,对评价干旱区草地生态系统碳源/碳汇功能及其在全球碳循环和全球变化中的作用、实现中亚草地生态系统的可持续利用、完善区域和全球碳循环理论体系具有重要意义。  相似文献   

Alpine Ecosystems of Northwest Yunnan, China： an Initial Assessment for Conservation   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

Ruth Sherman Renee Mullen LI Haomin FANG Zhendong WANG Yi 《山地科学学报》2007,4(3):181-192

Implementing conservation actions on-the-ground is not a straightforward process,especially when faced with high scientific uncertainty due to limited available information. This is especially acute in regions of the world that harbor many unique species that have not been well studied,such as the alpine zone of the Hengduan Mountains of Northwest Yunnan (NWY),a global biodiversity hotspot and site of The Nature Conservancy’s Yunnan Great Rivers Project. We conducted a quantitative,but rapid regional-level assessment of the alpine flora across NWY to provide a broad-based understanding of local and regional patterns of the alpine flora,the first large-scale analysis of alpine biodiversity patterns in this region. Multivariate analyses were used to classify the major plant community types and link community patterns to habitat variables. Our analysis indicated that most species had small distributions and/or small population sizes. Strong patterns emerged with higher diversity in the more northern mountains,but beta diversity was high,averaging only 10% among sites. The ordinations indicated that elevation and geographic location were the dominant environ-mental gradients underlying the differences in the species composition among communities. The high beta diversity across the alpine of these mountains implies that conservation strategies ultimately will require the protection of large numbers of species over a large geographical area. However,prioritiza-tion should be given to areas where potential payoffs are greatest. Sites with high species richness also have a greater number of endemic species,and,by focusing efforts on these sites,conservation investments would be maximized by protecting the greatest number of unique species.  相似文献   

Recovery of topsoil physicochemical properties in revegetated sites in the sand-burial ecosystems of the Tengger Desert, northern China   总被引：11，自引：0，他引：11  

X.R. Li  M.Z. He  Z.H. Duan  H.L. Xiao  X.H. Jia 《Geomorphology》2007,88(3-4):254-265

Recovery in soil properties and processes after sand burial in the Tengger Desert, northern China, was documented at five different-aged revegetated sites (1956, 1964, 1973, 1982, and 1991) and at a reference site with native vegetation, which had never been damaged by sand burial and was enclosed for grazing. The proportions of silt and clay, depth of topsoil and biological soil crusts, and concentrations of soil organic C, K, total N and total P increased with years since revegetation. Most characteristics of topsoil (0–5 cm) characteristics had recovered to 60% of those measured at the reference site by 50 years after sand-binding vegetation had been established. Exceptions were electrical conductivity and contents of sand, silt, CaCO₃ and organic C, which recovered to 20–40% of the values at the reference site. The difference in annual recovery rates of soil properties between the two most recently revegetated sites (0–14 years) was greater than the difference between the two oldest revegetated sites (43–50 years). Best-fit asymptote models showed that the estimated times for the soil properties in the 50-year-old site to reach the same levels as in the reference site (i.e. an undisturbed, native steppified desert ecosystem) would be between 23 and 245 years, but for some properties even maximum recovery after > 50 years still fell significantly short of the level at the reference site. These results suggest that soil recovery is a slow process in an extremely arid desert environment, and therefore the conservation of soil habitat is a crucial issue for land managers.  相似文献   

全球生态系统的状况与趋势   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

张永民  赵士洞 《地球科学进展》2007,22(4):403-409

简要介绍了千年生态系统评估（MA）项目状况与趋势工作组的报告《生态系统与人类福祉：现状与趋势》中的第3部分，即“对提供生态系统服务的各类系统的评估”。评估结果表明，在20世纪的后50年，全球生态系统的变化幅度和速度皆超过了人类历史上有记录的任何一个相等时间段的情况，目前人类活动实际上已经显著地改变了地球上的所有生态系统。这些变化主要表现在：① 大约1/4的地球陆地表层已经转变为垦殖系统，而且在1950年之后的30年中，转变为农田的土地面积比1700—1850年这150年间转变的总和还要多；②全球大多数的重要流域，由于水资源利用造成的栖息地丧失与破碎化，以及由于养分、沉积物、盐分及有毒物质造成的污染，已经显著地破坏了河流、湖泊和盐水沼泽等湿地生态系统的功能与生物多样性；③ 旱区系统存在着水资源匮乏、过度垦殖、过度放牧和过度砍伐树木等问题，生态状况尤其令人担忧；④ 栖息地的丧失与破碎化、过度开发、污染以及气候变化，已经对海滨系统造成了严重的生态威胁；⑤ 不可持续的农业开发模式，已经严重地破坏了热带森林生态系统的结构与功能。  相似文献   

The application of range of variability approach to the assessment of a check dam on riverine habitat alteration   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Chjeng-Lun Shieh  Yuh-Rong Guh  Shi-Qin Wang 《Environmental Geology》2007,52(3):427-435

This report uses the intermediate disturbance hypothesis to assess the influence of constructing a check dam on river environment. HEC-HMS and HEC-RAS programs were used to generate hydraulic parameters such as flow discharge, water depth, velocity, water surface width and sediment discharge. Indicators of hydrologic alteration (IHA) and indicator of habitat alteration (IHabA) were used to evaluate the flow and habitat conditions before and after check dam construction. The range of variability approach was used to calculate the degree of hydrologic alteration for each IHA, degree of habitat alteration and overall alteration for IHabA. Variability of river habitats before and after check dam construction was contrasted. Alteration became larger the closer to the dam body. An assessment method for check dam construction is offered which does not require ecological investigation data and combines ecology concepts and hydraulics.  相似文献   

中国西部植被水分利用效率的时空特征分析   总被引：8，自引：1，他引：8  

卢玲  李新  黄春林 《冰川冻土》2007,29(5):777-784

利用净初级生产力模型C-FIX,陆面过程模型CoLM以及高时空分辨率的遥感数据集,定量估算了2002年西部地区1 km分辨率的水分利用效率(WUE)时空格局分布.模型估算2002年西部地区净初级生产力总量约为0.96 PgC,蒸散发总量约为2 098 km3,整个西部地区平均单位面积上年均WUE约为0.32 gC.mm-1.西部地区WUE时空分布格局具有显著的异质性:WUE最高值区主要分布在新疆西北部的天山和阿尔泰山区域,年均WUE最高可达4 gC.mm-1.m-2;其次为西藏东南隅以及陕西和甘肃南部山区,年均WUE约在1~2 gC.mm-1.m-2之间.WUE最低值广泛分布在青藏高原地区和西北沙漠地区,年均WUE基本在0.4 gC.mm-1.m-2以下.研究发现,西北干旱区内陆河流域荒漠植被呈现出相对高的WUE水平,反映出适度水分亏缺地区的天然植被生态系统可能具有较水分充足地区植被生态系统更高的水分利用效率功能.通过定量分析比较不同植被生态系统WUE特征及其季节变化廓线,得到西部地区主要植被生态系统的年均WUE大小为山区森林>荒漠乔灌丛>灌溉农田>高寒草地>寒漠和戈壁.  相似文献   

Terrestrial vegetation carbon sinks in China, 1981―2000     

Fang JingYun  Guo ZhaoDi  Piao ShiLong  Chen AnPing 《中国科学D辑(英文版)》2007,50(9):1341-1350

Using China's ground observations, e.g., forest inventory, grassland resource, agricultural statistics, climate, and satellite data, we estimate terrestrial vegetation carbon sinks for China's major biomes between 1981 and 2000. The main results are in the following: (1) Forest area and forest biomass car- bon (C) stock increased from 116.5×106 ha and 4.3 Pg C (1 Pg C = 1015 g C) in the early 1980s to 142.8×106 ha and 5.9 Pg C in the early 2000s, respectively. Forest biomass carbon density increased form 36.9 Mg C/ha (1 Mg C = 106 g C) to 41.0 Mg C/ha, with an annual carbon sequestration rate of 0.075 Pg C/a. Grassland, shrub, and crop biomass sequestrate carbon at annual rates of 0.007 Pg C/a, 0.014― 0.024 Pg C/a, and 0.0125―0.0143 Pg C/a, respectively. (2) The total terrestrial vegetation C sink in China is in a range of 0.096―0.106 Pg C/a between 1981 and 2000, accounting for 14.6%―16.1% of carbon dioxide (CO2) emitted by China's industry in the same period. In addition, soil carbon sink is estimated at 0.04―0.07 Pg C/a. Accordingly, carbon sequestration by China's terrestrial ecosystems (vegetation and soil) offsets 20.8%―26.8% of its industrial CO2 emission for the study period. (3) Considerable uncertainties exist in the present study, especially in the estimation of soil carbon sinks, and need further intensive investigation in the future.  相似文献