晚更新世末期以来黄河口古地理环境的演变^*   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2       下载免费PDF全文

徐家声  孟毅  张效龙  刘敦武 《第四纪研究》2006,26(3):327-333

文章通过老黄河口海域CB20A孔岩芯的粒度、碎屑矿物、有孔虫、介形虫、瓣鳃类、腹足类、孢粉、植物化石和¹⁴ C测年等指标的分析鉴定结果,探讨并研究黄河口区古地理环境的演变。从晚更新世末期至今,本区地理环境演变经历了6个主要阶段,即全球最末一次冰期的早期、间冰期、晚期和冰后期的早期、中期及晚期。其间出现明显的气候冷暖交替、海平面升降及岸线进退的变化,多次出现沧海桑田的景观。在这6个变化阶段中还有一些规模较小的海平面升降,如最末一次冰期早期气候寒冷,海平面大幅度下降,然而在这一时期的沉积物中却发现了气候变暖的海相沉积层,反映海平面曾经上升。而在最末一次冰期的间冰期,气候变暖,但是它并非始终温暖如一:其下部沉积物中的化石反映的是气候较冷海面较低的滨海沼泽特征;中部反映的是气候温暖的浅海环境;而上部反映的是海面明显下降的潮坪环境。这些气候和海面波动现象在冰后期仍然存在。  相似文献   

Variability of the topographic core-mantle torque calculated from core surface flow models     

S. Asari  H. Shimizu  H. Utada 《Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors》2006,154(1):85-111

With the prospect of studying the relevance of the topographic core-mantle coupling to the variations of the Earth’s rotation and also its applicability to constraining the core surface flow, we investigate the variability of the topographic torque estimated by using core surface flow models accompanied by (a) uncertainty due to the non-uniqueness problem in the flow inversion, and (b) variance originating in that of geomagnetic secular variation models employed in the inversion. Various flow models and their variances are estimated by inverting prescribed geomagnetic models at the epoch 1980. The subsequent topographic torque is then calculated by using a core-mantle boundary topography model obtained by seismic tomography. The calculated axial and equatorial torques are found subject to the variability of order 10¹⁹ and 10²⁰  Nm, respectively, on which (b) is more effective than (a). The variability of the torque is attributed even to (a) and (b) of the large-scale flows (degrees 2 and 3). Yet, it still seems unlikely for the decadal polar motion with the observed amplitude to be excited exclusively by the equatorial topographic torque associated with any of reasonable core surface flow models. It is also confirmed that, with the topography model adopted here, the axial topographic torque on a rigid annulus in the core (coaxial with the Earth’s rotation axis) associated with any of reasonable flow models is larger by two orders of magnitude than the plausible inertial torque on such cylinders. This implies that any core surface flow model consistent with the topographic coupling does not exist, unless the topography model is appropriately modified. Nevertheless, the topographic coupling might provide not only a weak constraint for explaining the decadal LOD variations, but also the possibility to probe the core surface flow and the core dynamics.  相似文献   

Are cladoceran fossils in lake sediment samples a biased reflection of the communities from which they are derived?     

G. R. Kattel  R. W. Battarbee  A. Mackay  H. J. B. Birks 《Journal of Paleolimnology》2007,38(2):157-181

A study on the taphonomy of Cladocera was carried out in a small (9 ha), oligotrophic mountain loch, Loch Coire Fionnaraich (LCFR) in northwest Scotland. Four approaches were used. First, the fossil assemblage of Cladocera in the core-top sample taken from the deepest basin (14 m) of the loch were compared with the fossil assemblages of Cladocera in surface sediments along eight depth transects with samples taken at 2, 5, 8 and 11 m, respectively. The results of the deposition of remains of individual Cladocera and of the PCA ordination showed that littoral Cladocera were dominant in the 2 m-depth samples, while the planktonic Cladocera dominated the deeper water (8, 11 m and core-top) samples. Second, the fossil assemblages of Cladocera in the core-top sample were compared with the assemblages in a sediment trap sample. The core-top sample showed a better representation of the cladoceran taxa present in the loch than the trap sample, but rare taxa were missing in the core sample. Third, the fossil assemblages of Cladocera in the core sample were compared with the contemporary assemblages in the source samples derived from seasonal sampling across all habitats (macrophyte, sand, boulder) over 2 years. Only a small proportion of Cladocera in the source samples was represented by the fossil assemblages in the core sample. Finally, ‘integrated’ approach samples (spatial, trap, source and core together) were compared using PCA. The Cladocera in the core-top sample were closely related to the trap and surface sediment samples, but weakly related to the source samples. The overall results indicate that biases may occur whilst reconstructing the past environmental change based on the fossil assemblages of Cladocera in the core sample taken from the deepest basin of the lake.  相似文献   

A technique for estimating permeability of a randomly fractured rock mass     

Hisham T. Eid 《Acta Geotechnica》2007,2(2):97-102

Extensive field and laboratory testing programs were performed to develop a relationship between the permeability of a fractured limestone and the core recovery values. The studied limestone does not encompass any jointing system but is consistently and randomly fractured. Nineteen in situ falling head permeability tests were carried out to measure permeability of the fractured rock mass at a representative study area. Analysis of test results has led to the formulation of an empirical equation that estimates the permeability of the rock mass in terms of its solid core recovery value and the permeability of the fractures filling material. Unlike the existing equations for estimating the permeability of rock masses, the proposed equation is simple and utilizes parameters that can be easily determined in regular geotechnical field and laboratory investigations. A technique is also presented to estimate the permeability of a rock layer, the quality of which significantly changes with depth, using the proposed equation that utilizes a single value of core recovery. Analysis of well-documented pumping test results supported the validity of the proposed equation and technique.  相似文献   

Immiscible two-liquid regions in the Fe-O-S system at high pressure: Implications for planetary cores     

Kyusei Tsuno  Eiji Ohtani  Hidenori Terasaki 《Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors》2007,160(1):75-85

We have determined phase relations in the Fe-O and Fe-O-S systems in the range of 15-21 GPa and 1825-2300 °C. Below the liquidus temperatures, solid FeO and metallic liquids are observed in both the Fe-O and the Fe-O-S systems. An immiscible two-liquid region exists in the Fe-O binary system in the pressure range investigated, and the immiscibility gap between Fe-rich metallic liquid and FeO-rich ionic liquid does not greatly change with either pressure or temperature. On the other hand, an immiscible two-liquid region in the Fe-O-S ternary system narrows significantly with increasing pressure at constant temperature and vice versa, and it almost disappears at 21 GPa, and 2300 °C. Immiscible two-liquid regions are thus not expected to exist in the Fe-O-S system in the Earth's core, suggesting that both oxygen and sulfur can be incorporated into the core. Our results are consistent with a geochemical model for the core containing 5.8 wt.% oxygen and 1.9 wt.% sulfur as proposed by McDonough and Sun [McDonough, W.F., Sun, S.-S., 1995. The composition of the Earth. Chem. Geol. 120, 223-253].  相似文献   

Mantle regulation of core cooling: A geodynamo without core radioactivity?     

Geoffrey F. Davies   《Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors》2007,160(3-4):215-229

The case for radioactivity in the core based on the power requirements of the geodynamo is re-evaluated. Previous calculations of mantle regulation of core thermal evolution have used an inappropriate formula. New calculations with a more appropriate formula yield lower core heat loss in the past, thus mitigating the implication of unreasonably high past core and mantle temperatures. Multiple thermal evolutions leading to present heat flows are also demonstrated, depending on the efficiency of mantle removal of core heat, some with moderately high past core heat loss and some with low and steady core heat loss. The latter would permit a low- or moderate-power dynamo without core radioactivity. Key uncertainties are the efficiency of core cooling by the mantle, the thermal conductivity of the core and the energy or entropy flow required to maintain the dynamo. The present rate of heat loss from the core is argued to be still rather uncertain, and a commonly used estimate of the thermal conductivity of the core is shown plausibly to be too high and in any case to be uncertain by perhaps a factor of 2. The geochemical difficulties associated with postulating radioactive heat sources in the core are stressed.  相似文献   

行星尺度地磁异常的长期变化   总被引：5，自引：3，他引：5       下载免费PDF全文

徐文耀 《地球物理学报》2001,44(2):180-189

为了综合反映地球表面行星尺度磁异常的展布面积、磁场极值以及磁场分布特征等多种因素及其与磁能的关系，本文用穿过各异常区的“无符号磁通量”为特征参数来表征磁异常区强度.用第八代国际参考地磁场模型(IGRF)，分析了1900年到2000年全球最大的5个磁异常区的长期变化，结果表明，在一百年中，南大西洋(SAT)、大洋洲(AUS)和非洲(AF)3个异常区的磁通量均增加了200MWb以上，欧亚异常(EA)磁通量增加幅度稍小(157MWb)，上述4个异常区磁通量增幅为30%-60%，而北美异常(NAM)的磁通量则减小了50MWb.各异常区面积虽有变化，但最大变化仅为%左右.对磁异常区的西向漂移研究表明，地球表面和核幔界面的西漂明显存在差异：地表磁场有持续而稳定的西向漂移，全球平均西漂速度为0.2°/a；但核幔界面磁场的西向漂移速度要小得多，最大不超过0.1°/a.形成这种差异的原因可能是组成地磁场的不同球谐分量有不同的漂移速度；地表磁场的西漂主要决定于占优势的低阶分量，而核幔界面的西漂则受到高阶分量的重大影响.本文指出，在把地表西漂值用作地核磁流体运动速度的典型值时必须十分谨慎.  相似文献   

Another look at the core density deficit of Earth’s outer core   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

O.L Anderson 《Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors》2002,131(1):19-27

A constraint adopted in several geochemical studies of core composition is that the core density deficit (cdd) is 10%, with the implication that this number is based on robust geophysical evidence. The cdd is the perceived difference between the density of pure iron at core conditions and the seismically-determined density of the outer core. The importance of the cdd is that it limits the concentration of allowable light elements, such as sulfur and silicon, which, when mixed with Fe, or an Fe-Ni alloy, comprise the geochemical model of the inner core.We present evidence that the value of 10% for the cdd of the outer core is too high. Using a thermal-pressure equation-of-state, we find that for assumed melting temperatures of pure iron at the inner-outer core (ICB) pressure of 330 GPa ranging from 7500 to 4800 K, the cdd ranges from 2.9 to 7%, respectively. Reports that the cdd value of the outer core is less than 10% are found in a number of shock-wave studies, but the values reported here are apparently the lowest. Our cdd value for an assumed melting temperature of 6000 K for iron at 330 GPa is 5.4% and is compatible with proposed concentrations of Si and S impurities found from solubility studies at high P and T.  相似文献   

BODY DIAGONALIZATION OF CORE MATRICES IN THREE-WAY PRINCIPAL COMPONENTS ANALYSIS:THEORETICAL BOUNDS AND SIMULATION     

RENé HENRION 《地理学报(英文版)》1993,(6)

In contrast with conventional PCA,a direct superposition and joint interpretation of loading plots is notpossible in three-way PCA,since there may be data variance which is described by unequal componentsof different modes.The contributions to variance of all possible combinations of components aredescribed in the core matrix.Body diagonalization,which is achieved by appropriate rotation ofcomponent matrices,is an essential tool for simplifying the core matrix structure.The maximum degreeof body diagonality which may be obtained from such transformations is analysed from both themathematical and simulation viewpoints.It is shown that,at least in the average case,high degrees canbe expected,which makes the procedure reasonable for many practical applications.Furthermore,simulation as well as theoretical derivation show that the success of body diagonality depends on the so-called polarity of the core array.The methodology is illustrated by a three-way data example fromenvironmental chemistry.  相似文献   

The orientation of bedding,veins and joints in core — a new method and case history     

A. E. Annels  E. G. Hellewell 《Geotechnical and Geological Engineering》1987,5(3):307-320

Summary A new technique is described for the orientation of bedding, joints and veins in diamond drill core taken from rocks in which a cleavage is developed. The geological and mathematical basis of the method is explained and a computer program suitable for IBM compatible microcomputers is included. A case history of its use during a gold exploration program at the Dolaucothi gold mines (Ogofau) in Dyfed, Wales is also presented which highlights its use in structural modelling and interpretation, geotechnical studies and in ore deposit geology.  相似文献