Change and continuity of income divide in the American Southeast: A metropolitan scale analyses, 2000–2014     

《Applied geography (Sevenoaks, England)》2017

Changing racial/ethnic diversity along with economic growth have also drawn renewed public attention to growing income inequality and lack of economic well-being in the American society. This paper investigates one element of contemporary inequality – the income divide between the richest and the poorest population groups in the metropolises of the U.S. Southeast. This paper examines income divide across southern U.S. metropolises in 2000 and 2014, their change during 2000–2014, their variation across major races/ethnicities, and their relationships with important metropolitan characteristics such as diversity, intermixing, socio-economic status and built-environment attributes. Cartographic, ranking/matrix, and correlations analyses suggest that the largest, most diverse, most segregated, and those with a greater presence of better educated are the most income divided metropolises, whereas the small-to-mid-sized metropolises, with lesser educated population are less divided. The income divide has increased during 2000–2014 in a majority of these metropolises, and for all races/ethnicities, even though Whites and Asians are relatively better-off compared to overall population whereas Blacks and Hispanics lag behind.  相似文献   

Assessing the performance of the Aichi Biodiversity Targets in Brazil: a test using two regional-scale indices related to coastal and marine ecosystem conservation     

《Marine Policy》2016

One of the main challenges of international environmental agreements is improving relevant policy actions to promote adequate environmental responses. To support the work of decision makers, recent studies have used environmental and social indicators to construct global and regional-scale indices. This study aimed to use the Ocean Health Index and the Management Ranking for Brazilian States to assess Brazil’s performance regarding the Aichi Biodiversity Targets (ABTs) for coastal and marine ecosystems. Thus, six ABTs were matched and their performance was evaluated. These ABTs focused on the following topics: pollution, fish and invertebrate stocks, pressures on coral, threatened species and their conservation, the contribution of biodiversity to carbon stocks and the national biodiversity strategy and action plan. However, although the indices used showed many pathways to explore how Brazil is performing, it is still complex to evaluate ABTs’ performance regarding coastal and marine ecosystems at a global and regional scale.  相似文献   

Diversity and faunal changes in the latest Cretaceous dinosaur communities of southwestern Europe     

《Cretaceous Research》2016

Characterization of macroecological patterns for latest Cretaceous dinosaur communities is essential to understand how those faunas were changing during the run-up to the Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction event, and thus the cause of the extinction. Outside of the well-studied latest Cretaceous dinosaurs of North America, southwestern Europe (France, Spain and Portugal) preserves one of the richest end-Cretaceous dinosaur fossil records, as it has produced hundreds of dinosaur fossil localities. We compiled a comprehensive database of all dinosaur fossil occurrences from the uppermost Cretaceous of the Ibero-Armorican region and analyze it statistically, providing the first numerical study of the ecological and taxonomic diversities of these communities. Our study corroborates previous work that has identified a major faunal change in the latest Cretaceous terrestrial vertebrate assemblages, and places this event around the C31r-C31n reversal, in the early late Maastrichtian (c. 69 Ma). Significant differences in ecological diversity metrics (dominance, Shannon and Simpson) characterize the pre- and post-turnover assemblages. The turnover event, therefore, did not only lead to a taxonomic replacement but also important reorganizations in the structure of dinosaur communities. Herbivorous dinosaurs suffered the most dramatic alterations across the turnover, in terms of relative dominances, by shifting their contributions within the communities (hadrosauroids replacing titanosaurids as the dominant taxon in the medium-to large-bodied herbivore niche) or even disappearing (rhabdodontids and nodosaurids). The carnivores apparently maintained similar relative abundances before and after the turnover, and the relative proportions between carnivorous and herbivorous taxa remained static through time. Further improvement of the present database might allow for the identification of new ecological patterns, and higher-resolution comparison with the North American records.  相似文献   

Deep-water macrofaunal diversity in the Faroe-Shetland region (NE Atlantic): a margin subject to an unusual thermal regime     

Bhavani E. Narayanaswamy  Brian J. Bett  & David J. Hughes 《Marine Ecology》2010,31(1):237-246

The Faroe-Shetland Channel, situated in the NE Atlantic, encompasses a number of different sediment types (habitats) as well as being subject to an unusual thermal regime. Our main objective was to assess variations in macrofaunal generic diversity and composition along two transects to gauge the relative influence of regional hydrography and local habitat heterogeneity. We found that generic richness and diversity on a West of Shetland (WoS) transect correlated most strongly with temperature range, whilst along a North of Shetland (NoS) transect, richness and diversity correlated negatively with sedimentary variables, notably total organic carbon. Macrofaunal composition at WoS is also strongly influenced by water temperature with specific genera ( e.g. Galathowenia positively associated with the temperature eigenvectors), whereas at NoS it is a combination of temperature, silt + clay fraction and total organic carbon that has an impact on composition ( e.g. Proclea and Pseudosphyrapus , showing a negative relationship with the temperature eigenvectors). Although the temperature regime exerts a strong control on regional ecology, local habitat heterogeneity remains a significant factor.  相似文献   

Application of biotic indices and relationship with structural and functional features of macrobenthic community in the lagoon of Venice: an example over a long time series of data     

Pranovi F  Da Ponte F  Torricelli P 《Marine pollution bulletin》2007,54(10):1607-1618

In the context of the application of WFD, a scientific debate is growing about the applicability of biotic indices in coastal and transitional waters. In the present work, the question about the discriminating power of different biotic indices and the relationships with the structure and functioning of the macrobenthic community in a transitional environment is discussed. A time series of samples collected during the last 70 years in the lagoon of Venice, reflecting different environmental conditions (a sort of 'pristine state' in 1935, the distrophic crisis in 1988 and subsequent modifications in 1990, the invasion by an alien species and the developing of high impacting fishery in 1999) has been used. The comparison of results obtained by applying different biotic indices, such as AMBI, Bentix and BOPA, shows differences in the discriminating power of indices and a general overestimation of environmental conditions. Discrepancies between environmental status as indicated by biotic indices and the structure and functioning of the benthic community have been highlighted.  相似文献   

The meaning of place: Attachments to Femundsmarka National Park,Norway, among tourists and locals     

《Norsk geografisk tidsskrift. Norwegian journal of geography》2012,66(3):189-198

In Norway, the management of natural and cultural resources is subject to increasing public scrutiny. Conflicts are escalating over many issues concerning the balance between preservation and utilisation. Traditionally conflicts over issues like growth in commercial nature tourism, predator control, forest policies, protected areas management, cultural heritage protection, and rights associated with common access, have been explained in terms of opposing values, attitudes, and goals between urban and rural interests. However, historical differences between the urban and rural in terms of social conditions, employment opportunities, services, cultural norms, and lifestyles are no longer clear-cut or predictable. Nor can differences between urban and rural communities easily explain attitudes or values held in relation to the environment. To examine how a local community and a population of tourists feel about an area we examine data from two separate surveys from the Femundsmarka-Røros region in Southern Norway. This region includes a wilderness-type national park and a historic mining town recognised as a World Heritage Site and including a diverse agricultural landscape. We compare the perspective of the community with that of tourists regarding the strength and nature of attachment to place, and reasons and priorities for resource protection. We also assess how residence and experience of using the area affect attachment to place and attitudes to management priorities. The results have implications both for the management of this particular area, and for how we approach attitude diversity in resource management.  相似文献   

浙江南部近海春季鱼类多样性分析   总被引：11，自引：1，他引：10  

张洪亮  宋之琦  潘国良  陈峰  周永东 《海洋与湖沼》2013,44(1):126-134

根据2011年春季(4月、5月与6月)对浙江南部近海进行的共3个航次的底拖网渔业资源调查资料,对该海域的鱼类多样性进行了分析.结果表明:所捕获的90种鱼分别隶属于2纲15目51科75属;暖水性鱼类无论在种类数量还是生物量与尾数密度方面均居主导地位;所有优势种均为暖水性鱼类,其中矛尾缎虎鱼为春季三个月的共同优势种;生物量、尾数密度与丰富度指数(D)5月与6月的差异均极显著(P＜0.01);多样性指数(H')与水深、底温与底盐三者之间均为线性正相关(P＜0.05),而与生物量呈线性负相关(P＜0.05),这表明浙江南部近海春季鱼类的多样性(H')随水深、底温与底盐的增加而增高,但同时却随生物量的增加而降低.  相似文献   

Changes in the composition of planktonic ostracod populations across a range of latitudes in the North-east Atlantic   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Martin V. Angel  Kasia Blachowiak-Samolyk  Ruth Castillo 《Progress in Oceanography》2007,73(1):60-78

A large database representing the bathymetric distribution of 117 species of halocyprid ostracods has been compiled from seven stations forming a transect from the equator to 60°N along 20°W, plus an additional station at 32°N, 65°W. This data base is analysed to examine the latitudinal and bathymetric changes in species composition and diversity of assemblages of this important, yet neglected, holoplanktonic group. At each station stratified sampling of the complete water column from the surface down mostly to 2000 m was carried out both day and night. Each sample resulted from the filtration of at least 2500 m³ of water and was analysed using a consistent protocol. The differences between the day and night profiles are attributable to diel vertical migrations, to local-scale heterogeneity, and possibly to a degree of net avoidance. There is a gradient of increasing species richness and diversity from high to low latitudes. By day, halocyprids are either infrequent or absent from the upper 50 m of the water column, but at night after diel vertical migration they become quite abundant in the epipelagic zone, particularly at low latitudes. Bathymetric profiles show ostracod abundances increase rapidly below the thermocline, reaching maxima at 200-400 m and then declining by at least an order of magnitude at 2000 m. Diversity (both species richness, H′ and evenness, J) also increases below the thermocline and thereafter is either maintained or declines only slightly to 2000 m. There are no relationships among diversity, abundance and productivity, but analysis of the whole database shows that the changes in community structure are consistent with Longhurst’s [Longhurst, A.R., 1998. Ecological Geography of the Sea. Academic Press, San Diego, pp. xiv, 398.] biogeochemical provinces.  相似文献   

古尔班通古特沙漠地区短命植物土壤种子库研究   总被引：12，自引：0，他引：12  

张涛  田长彦  孙羽  冯固 《干旱区地理》2006,29(5):675-681

采用野外定点取样和室内萌发相结合的试验方法,研究了短命植物在沙丘不同部位的空间分布、萌发状况、密度、物种多样性及土壤种子库生物多样性与地上植物多样性的关系。结果表明:短命植物种子主要集中分布于地表0~5 cm土壤中,5 cm以下土壤中极少存在有活力的种子;沙丘间及沙丘不同部位的种子库密度大小不同,密度自坡底随高度增加逐渐减少,坡底、坡中部及坡顶部密度分别为124粒/m2、91粒/m2、66粒/m2。迎风坡种子库密度比背风坡面少,迎风坡种子库平均密度为81粒/m2,而背风坡种子库平均密度为100粒/m2;短命植物种子在4月上旬达到萌发高峰,沙丘不同部位物种多样性存在差异,土壤种子库和地上植被存在较高的相似性,此外短命植物在沙丘不同部位的分布存在较高的空间异质性。  相似文献   

Postglacial midge community change and Holocene palaeotemperaturereconstructions near treeline, southern British Columbia (Canada)     

Samantha Palmer  Ian Walker  Markus Heinrichs  Geoffrey Scudder 《Journal of Paleolimnology》2002,28(4):469-490

Stratigraphic analysis of fossil chironomid head capsules wasperformed at North Crater Lake and Lake of the Woods, located at treeline (2250m) in the Ashnola region of southernmost British Columbia. Priorto 10,000 yr BP, cold conditions were indicated by the lack oftemperate taxa and the presence of cold-stenotherms. The abundance anddiversity of warm-adapted taxa (e.g., Dicrotendipes,Microtendipes, Polypedilum and Cladopelma)increased rapidly after 9500 yr BP, whereas taxa indicative ofcold conditions disappeared. Beginning prior to deposition of the Mazama ash(6730 ± 40 yr BP), several warm-adapted taxa decreasedin abundance. Mid- to late-Holocene assemblages (ca. 4500yr BP to present) indicated continued cooling as revealed by afurther reduction in diversity and abundance of warm-adapted taxa atboth lakes, and the reappearance of cold-stenotherms in Lake of theWoods. Diversity changes in the cores paralleled the inferred climatic changes.Diversity was low during the late-glacial, increased in theearly-Holocene, and declined after 5400 yr BP.To quantitatively infer past climatic changes, a newweighted yphen;averaging partial-least-squares (WA-PLS)model was developed and applied to the fossil midge data. The quantitativereconstructions revealed late-glacial mean July air temperatures rangingfrom about 8 to 10°C. Summer air temperatures were highest inthe early Holocene (13 to 17°C), gradually decreasing by about3°C through the mid- to late-Holocene.  相似文献