Rebuttal to “Comment on “Evidence of electrical activity on Titan drawn from the Schumann resonances sent by Huygens probe” by J.A. Morente, J.A. Portí, A. Salinas, and E.A. Navarro [2008, Icarus, 195, 802-811]”     

Juan A. Morente  Jorge A. Portí  Enrique A. Navarro 《Icarus》2009,204(1):352-354

Hamelin et al. criticize some conclusions of our paper [Morente, J.A., Portí, J.A., Salinas, A., Navarro, E.A., 2008. Icarus 195, 802-811]. This rebuttal is our response to their criticism. In our view, their comments are contradictory and not based on scientific argument. Our paper presents a comprehensible methodology for extracting weak resonances from the late-time response of systems with high losses and our conclusions are derived from and supported by this methodology, which was first checked using an analytical function and later with the data from a numerical simulation of Titan’s atmosphere. Conversely, the Comment of Hamelin et al. does not contain any mathematical proof, either supporting their statements or invalidating our analysis procedure.  相似文献   

Electrical Resistivity Imaging technique to delineate coal seam barrier thickness and demarcate water filled voids     

N. S. Krishnamurthy  V. Ananda Rao  Dewashish Kumar  K. K. K. Singh  Shakeel Ahmed 《Journal of the Geological Society of India》2009,73(5):639-650

Exploration and exploitation of coal seams is one of the major resources for the energy sector in any country but at the same time water filled voids/water logged areas in the old workings of these seams are very critical problems for the coal mining industry. In such situations, disasters like inundation, landslides, collapsing of the old seams may occur. In this regard, it is necessary to find out the water saturated/water filled voids and zones in the mining areas. Since no established technique is available to find such zones, an experimental study using Electrical Resistivity Imaging (ERI) has been carried out in one of the coal mining areas near Dhanbad, to find out the feasibility of finding the barrier thickness and the water logged area in underground coal mines. The area under study forms part of Jharia coalfield in Dhanbad district, Jharkhand state. The coal bearing rocks of Barakar Formation of Lower Permian age (Gondwana period) occur in the area under a thin cover (10 m to15 m) of soil and or alluvium. Coal bearing Barakar Formations consist mainly of sandstone of varying grain size, intercalation of shale and sandstone, grey and carbonaceous-shale and coal seams. Since the water saturation reduces the resistivity of a formation to a large extent, water filled voids and old coal workings are expected to have significant resistivity contrast with the surrounding host rock. Hence, ERI technique was applied in such an environment as this technique uses high-density data acquisition both laterally and vertically by using multiple number of electrodes. Along with ERI, mise-à-la-masse (also called charged body) technique was also employed at one of the promising sites to find out the connectivity of water logged areas and also detection of these old workings from the surface measurements was analyzed. The interpreted 2D resistivity sections have clearly indicated the water bearing zone(s) along the profile which was well confirmed with the existing water level in the nearby borewells. On the other hand, this technique did not identify the size of the coal pillar and gallery (air filled voids), which might be due to the small size of the voids (i.e. about 2 m × 2 m) below a depth of 15m and more but have indicated altogether as a high resistive zone ranging from 600–1000 Ohm-m.  相似文献   

A morphological, sedimentological and geophysical investigation of the Woore Moraine, Shropshire, England     

Aidan A. Parkes  Richard I. Waller  Ian G. Stimpson  Keith T. Mason 《Proceedings of the Geologists' Association. Geologists' Association》2009,120(4):233-73

The Bar Hill-Whitchurch-Wrexham Morainic Complex is a large-scale glacial landform thought to represent either the maximum extent or the re-advance of the British-Irish Ice Sheet during the Late Devensian. The origin of the moraine remains uncertain as its key characteristics have not been studied in detail due to a lack of exposures from which its large-scale structure can be determined. The development of new technologies has enabled detailed examination of the topography and internal structure of such large-scale landforms. This paper describes a multi-disciplinary approach involving digital geomorphological mapping using enhanced resolution NextMAP™ digital surface models, geophysical imaging (electrical resistivity tomography) and conventional sedimentological analyses. This combination of techniques is useful for elucidating the origin of a large glacial landform in a region of poor exposure. Digital elevation models such as NextMAP™ offer an efficient and accurate method for landform-mapping, whilst electrical resistivity tomography was able to map the major constituent sediments of the moraine, which had in turn been identified in the single exposure available. Additional geophysical techniques should however be applied to provide further structural data and thereby enable a more detailed interpretation of the moraine's internal structure. Preliminary findings indicate that the moraine is a glaciotectonic landform composed of diamicton and glaciofluvial sediments, an origin consistent with recent suggestions that the Cheshire Plain contained an active ice lobe during the last glacial maximum.  相似文献   

塔克拉玛干沙漠地下水矿化度与电导率关系的研究   总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5  

吴诗怡 《中国沙漠》1996,16(4):374-378

用数理统计的方法推导水质矿化度与电导率的回归方程, 并绘制其关系曲线。经测定, 新疆塔克拉玛干沙漠84°E沿线水化学类型主要为Cl^-·SO₄^2--Na⁺, 通过推导得出, 25℃情况下, 当电导率为4.5~12ms/cm, 矿化度依电导率的回归方程为: y=-0.3016+0.6936x; 当电导率<5.4ms/cm, y=-0.171+0.6833x, 建立矿化度与电导率的关系后, 测定地下水的电导率, 即可获得待测样的矿化度, 为野外考察或定点观测提供获得地下水矿化度的简便、快速而准确的方法。  相似文献   

Electrical current along balloon rigging line inside thunderstorms     

Monte G. Bateman  Kenneth B. Eack  W. David Rust  Thomas C. Marshall 《Atmospheric Research》1999,51(3-4)

We have designed a new instrument to measure the current flowing along balloon rigging line during flights through thunderstorms. This instrument was tested in a high voltage facility and used to collect line current data during one balloon flight into a thunderstorm. Using these data, worst-case calculations are made; as such, we claim that they are the upper limits of any alteration (to the measured electric field or particle charge) that may occur, and the real number is likely much less. It is postulated the rigging-line current could have two separate effects on the measured electric field: (1) reduction of the field due to emission of corona ions, and (2) enhancement of the field due to the insertion of a long thin ‘conductor.' Even with current as high as 1 μA (the largest measured was around 50–100 nA), these two effects were found to be about −1% and +1%, respectively. Also, the calculated worst-case alteration to charged precipitation measurements is about 0.1 pC. Thus, with proper efforts to make the rigging line as poor a conductor as possible, it seems that we are justified in stating that these effects are negligible.  相似文献   

Dependence on pressure of conduction by hopping of small polarons in minerals of the Earth's lower mantle   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

A. Goddat  J. Peyronneau  J. P. Poirier 《Physics and Chemistry of Minerals》1999,27(2):81-87

Electrical conductivity of the lower mantle-like assemblage (Mg,Fe)SiO₃ perovskite-(Mg,Fe)O magnesiowüstite is usually analyzed using the quasi-chemical Arrhenian approach of diffusion. The conductivity of this assemblage has often been attributed to hopping of small polarons, because of the low value of the activation energy and the small negative activation volume. However, the solid-state physics approach can provide more arguments, for or against conduction by polarons. We have tried to bridge the gap between the two approaches and identify the physical quantities entering the phenomenological activation parameters. In particular, we have investigated the pressure dependence of the activation energy, and the physical meaning of the activation volume. Hopping is controlled by the binding energy of the polaron and by the value of the exchange integral, which increases with pressure causing the observed decrease of the activation energy. From the physical theory and the results of experiments at pressures up to 40 GPa and temperatures up to 400 ^∘C, we have estimated the values of parameters characteristic of polarons: radius, mobility, time between jumps and adiabaticity. These values are compatible with conduction by small adiabatic polarons. The consequences for extrapolations to lower mantle conditions of the presence of a temperature dependent preexponential term in the expression for conductivity have been examined. It was found that the extrapolations are not significantly different from those using the Arrhenius equation. Received: 5 November 1998 / Revised, accepted: 4 May 1999  相似文献   

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction     

Sinclair Buchan  Denzil Taylor Smith 《Marine Georesources & Geotechnology》1999,17(1):65-81

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.  相似文献   

面向目标自适应有限元法的带地形三维大地电磁各向异性正演模拟          下载免费PDF全文

曹晓月  殷长春  张博  黄鑫  刘云鹤  蔡晶 《地球物理学报》2018,61(6):2618-2628

传统三维大地电磁各向异性模拟均是基于规则六面体网格,计算精度有限且较难拟合复杂地质条件.本文采用面向目标自适应非结构矢量有限元法,对三维大地电磁各向异性介质进行模拟.首先从电场双旋度方程出发,利用伽辽金方法建立变分方程;然后利用电流密度连续性条件构建适合大地电磁各向异性问题的加权后验误差估计方法,实现面向目标的网格自适应正演;最后通过典型算例分析各向异性对网格自适应和大地电磁响应的影响特征以及各向异性的识别方法.本文算法能够高精度地拟合起伏地表和任意各向异性介质,适用于分析复杂地电条件大地电磁响应特征,为提高大地电磁资料解释水平提供了理论基础.  相似文献   

含碳结构对龙门山断层带电导率影响的实验探索   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0       下载免费PDF全文

陈进宇  杨晓松  陈建业 《地球物理学报》2017,60(9):3475-3492

碳是影响岩石电导率大小的一个重要因素,可能是造成龙门山断层带电导率异常的重要原因之一.为了研究不同的碳含量、矿物颗粒粒径与碳晶体结构对断层带电导率的影响,在干燥、常温、0.2~300 MPa的压力条件下实验研究了人工模拟断层泥样品(石英粉末与含碳粉末混合的样品,简称模拟样品)和采自映秀-北川断层八角庙剖面的天然断层岩样品(简称天然样品)的电导率.实验结果显示,当模拟样品中的含碳粉末连通时,电导率与碳体积率的关系符合逾渗理论模型;而含碳粉末未连通时,电导率随总孔隙度降低而指数性升高.同时模拟样品的电导率也随石英颗粒粒径的变化而发生改变.相比于模拟样品中的含碳粉末主要分布于石英颗粒支撑的孔隙中,天然样品中的碳则主要以碳膜的形式赋存在颗粒边缘,导致碳体积率相同的条件下,模拟样品的电导率小于天然样品.此外,天然样品的电导率(9×10~(-4)S·m~(-1))也要小于野外大地电磁探测的结果(0.03~0.1 S·m~(-1)).在今后的实验中还需要考虑在动态摩擦条件下对含有完整含碳结构的天然样品进行电导率的实验研究.  相似文献   

Effects of fluid displacement pattern on complex electrical impedance in Berea sandstone over frequency range 104–106 Hz          下载免费PDF全文

Yi Zhang  Hyuck Park  Osamu Nishizawa  Tamotsu Kiyama  Yu Liu  Kwangseok Chae  Ziqiu Xue 《Geophysical Prospecting》2017,65(4):1053-1070

To better understand the effect of fluid distribution on the electric response of rocks saturated with oil and brine, we conducted experimental studies on the complex electrical impedance in a Berea sandstone, together with in situ acquisitions of oil distribution images employing a high‐resolution medical X‐ray computed tomography. We performed two tests of brine displacement by oil under high (10 MPa) and low (5 MPa) pressures, which were accompanied by fingering and stable displacement patterns, respectively. The measured complex impedance data were fitted to the Cole model to obtain the resistance, capacitance, peak frequency of the imaginary impedance, and the exponent α of the rock–fluid system. With increasing oil saturation, the resistance showed an increasing trend, whereas the other three parameters decreased. The fingering displacement exhibited lower resistance and capacitance than the stable displacement. The analysis of the resistance changes using a simple parallel connection model indicates that there are more components of residual brine in parallel connections in the fingering pattern than in the stable displacement pattern at the same saturation. We also interpreted the normalised changes in the capacitance (or apparent dielectric constant) with respect to the oil saturation via an analysis of the shape factor of fluid distribution based on the Maxwell–Wagner–Brugermann–Hanai model. The changes in the shape factor suggest that the pinch‐off of the brine in parallel connection by the oil is a dominant mechanism reducing the capacitance. In the stable displacement, most of the connections in the brine phase are immediately pinched off by oil displacement front at a local oil saturation of 65%. Conversely, in the fingering displacement, there is a transition from the bulk or layered brine to the pinched‐off at a local oil saturation below 60%. The analyses indicate that the difference in the fluid distribution under different fluid conditions is responsible for the non‐Archie behaviour.  相似文献