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143.
Tackling fuel poverty is central to the delivery of the Scottish Executive’s commitment to social justice. Many Scottish rural households are not linked into the mains gas network and rely on expensive alternatives, despite being surrounded by plentiful supplies of low-cost renewable wood biomass. A regional study was undertaken to establish the potential market for pelletised wood fuel, available as a low-value by-product from the rapidly expanding Scottish forest industry sector. The wider implications of the research findings are analysed by extending the principles of industrial symbiosis from a site-specific to a regional scale. Promoting an indigenous pellet-based wood fuel market for rural Scotland would fulfil important Scottish Executive economic, social and environmental sustainability objectives. Adding off-site social symbiotic elements increases the potential for on-site technical symbiosis in nascent Scottish forest industry clusters. At present, market failure is preventing the realisation of these benefits, and the paper concludes by identifying ways in which market intermediation, through wood fuel energy service companies, might overcome the current barriers to exploiting such symbiosis. 相似文献
144.
Comparison of 15 evaporation methods applied to a small mountain lake in the northeastern USA 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
Donald O. Rosenberry Thomas C. Winter Donald C. Buso Gene E. Likens 《Journal of Hydrology》2007,340(3-4):149-166
Few detailed evaporation studies exist for small lakes or reservoirs in mountainous settings. A detailed evaporation study was conducted at Mirror Lake, a 0.15 km2 lake in New Hampshire, northeastern USA, as part of a long-term investigation of lake hydrology. Evaporation was determined using 14 alternate evaporation methods during six open-water seasons and compared with values from the Bowen-ratio energy-budget (BREB) method, considered the standard. Values from the Priestley–Taylor, deBruin–Keijman, and Penman methods compared most favorably with BREB-determined values. Differences from BREB values averaged 0.19, 0.27, and 0.20 mm d−1, respectively, and results were within 20% of BREB values during more than 90% of the 37 monthly comparison periods. All three methods require measurement of net radiation, air temperature, change in heat stored in the lake, and vapor pressure, making them relatively data intensive. Several of the methods had substantial bias when compared with BREB values and were subsequently modified to eliminate bias. Methods that rely only on measurement of air temperature, or air temperature and solar radiation, were relatively cost-effective options for measuring evaporation at this small New England lake, outperforming some methods that require measurement of a greater number of variables. It is likely that the atmosphere above Mirror Lake was affected by occasional formation of separation eddies on the lee side of nearby high terrain, although those influences do not appear to be significant to measured evaporation from the lake when averaged over monthly periods. 相似文献
145.
Jon Albretsen 《Ocean Dynamics》2007,57(4-5):287-304
We perform eddy-permitting to eddy-resolving simulations of the Skagerrak/northern North Sea with a terrain-following numerical
ocean model. We demonstrate that realistic representations of freshwater input are not required when the focus is on modelling
mesoscale structures such as meanders and eddies. To arrive at this conclusion, we analyze the results using a recently developed
energy diagnostic scheme to study the sensitivity to realistic representations of the lateral freshwater flux provided to
the area from the Baltic Sea and by the major rivers. The scheme is suitable for analysis of growth of instabilities, and
it has four basic instability processes prominent. We recognize both horizontal and vertical shear instabilities. There are
two processes where average potential energy is converted to eddy kinetic energy, and they are related to the mean gradient
in surface elevation and the mean lateral density gradient, respectively. The latter process is known as frontal instability.
We demonstrate that the change in the eddy kinetic energy field is small, despite the large variations in the hydrographic
properties from experiment to experiment. Moreover, generation of eddy activity appears at the same locations and with approximately
the same strength regardless of actual representations of freshwater input. Furthermore, we find that vertical shear instability
dominates the energy conversion processes in the Norwegian Coastal Current. Finally, we find that the areas off the northwest
coast of Denmark recognized with enhanced eddy kinetic energy level is not caused by instability processes but eddy–eddy interaction
rooted in variations in the sea level. 相似文献
146.
阿尔泰山南缘东段玛因鄂博韧性剪切带特征及运动学、动力学分析 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
玛因鄂博韧性剪切带位于阿尔泰山南缘额尔齐斯大断裂东段,玛因鄂博断裂以北,带内岩石糜棱岩化强烈,线理、面理构造发育,局部剪切变形明显部位发育S-C组构、σ型和δ型残碎长石斑晶系,均指示为左行韧性剪切变形.带内变形岩石宏、微观特征显示:玛因鄂博韧性剪切带是以压扁变形为主的左行剪切变形,韧性变形深度相当于地壳10~15km深处,温度约300~450℃,压力在0.25~0.40GPa,是一种发生在地壳中-浅构造层次和中-低温度、中等压力条件下的韧性-脆性变形,其变形变质作用相当于中低绿片岩相,局部达高绿片岩相;剪切主应力方向为NEE向,约83°.剪切位移量和剪切带宽度大致相当,总剪切位移量约9.2~11.5km.该韧性剪切带的剪切活动持续时间较长,高峰期为290~270Ma,而其最后结束时间为230Ma左右. 相似文献
147.
随着我国经济的发展和人们环保意识的增强,顶管施工作为一种非开挖施工方法得到广泛的应用,在城市建设中应用的领域也越来越宽。由于地下工程的不确定性,特别是在拥挤的城市,顶管施工常面临极大的风险。本文通过分析顶管施工项目风险因素及后果,给出了降低顶管施工风险的措施。 相似文献
148.
分别从温度,压力,电解质以及电解液浓度等方面因素在水电解过程中对电解电压的影响进行分析,并在实际工作加以应用,从而达到降低能耗,节约成本的目的。 相似文献
149.
利用MM5模式对2003年7月一次江淮暴雨过程进行了数值模拟,结果表明:MM5对本次暴雨落区的模拟较为成功。应用模拟结果对假相当位温、水汽通量散度、z-螺旋度及湿位涡等几个综合性物理量进行了诊断,得出的主要结论为:本次暴雨发生在高能舌的前部、能量锋区南缘和低空急流左前方三者叠加的区域;水汽通量散度比较好地反映本次暴雨的强度和落区;z-螺旋度不仅能反映降水系统,对降水系统的移动也有预报指示意义;本次暴雨过程中湿斜压性和涡度垂直分量与热力不稳定对湿位涡有同等大小的贡献。 相似文献
150.
基于对应分析的训练样本的选择 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
本文提出一种基于对应分析的训练样本的选择方法。它从训练样本中自动地选择有代表性的典型训练样本,使得在自动分类中充分利用所采集的样本信息,以便得到满意的分类结果。通过实验与分析证明,该方法是可行的,它明显优于人工随机选择训练样本的方式。与基于Q型因子分析的训练样本选择方法相比,可以更快地得到较少的典型样本,满意的分类精度。 相似文献