祁连山青海云杉林动态监测样地群落特征   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

李效雄  刘贤德  赵维俊 《中国沙漠》2013,33(1):94-100

依据中国森林生态系统动态监测样地设置方法,参照国际森林生态学大样地建设技术规范,于2010年和2011年在祁连山自然保护区青海云杉（Picea crassifolia kom.）林内建立了10.2 hm2动态监测样地,定位调查了样地内19 927株DBH≥1 cm活立木木本植物,完成了第一次群落特征调查和分析。调查结果表明：①青海云杉群落成层现象明显,可划分为乔木层、灌木层、草本层和苔藓层4个层次。乔木层是群落的最主要层,整体而言其垂直高度结构复杂性要大于灌木层和草本层,苔藓层较为发达。②青海云杉径级结构呈明显的倒“J”形,个体集中在径级1~5 cm至21~25 cm,其占到总个体数目的91.42%,青海云杉更新良好。③青海云杉DBH≥1 cm对应的树高结构呈“单峰”形,高度主要集中在小于6 m,占到总个体数目的60.00%,高度偏小,小树较多,中树占有一定的比例,大树较少。同时,树高和胸径二者之间显著符合二次函数关系（p＜0.05）,反映了青海云杉群落生物学特征。④从空间分布格局来看,青海云杉表现出明显的聚集性分布格局。对不同年龄段青海云杉小树、中树和大树点格局分析表明,随着龄级的增大,种群的聚集程度减小,即由聚集分布变为随机分布,表现出明显的扩散趋势。青海云杉个体分布没有明显的空间异质性,而且2 534株大树随机分布在该样地,表明该群落未受大范围的人为干扰。  相似文献   

基于加卸载响应比理论的降雨型滑坡预警研究   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

邬凯  盛谦  张勇慧 《地震学刊》2011,(6):632-636

在建立边坡远程实时监测系统并获得变形与降雨量连续监测数据的基础上,运用加卸载响应比理论的基本原理,提出以一用为加卸载周期、将日降雨量及其变化作为边坡的加卸载参数、相应的日平均变形速率及其变化值为加卸载响应参数,建立了基于加卸栽响应比的降雨型滑坡短周期预警模型。以某公路边坡为例,运用加卸载响应比预测模型对边坡的2个监测点进行了加卸载响应比计算,发现2个点的加卸载响应比时序曲线与其稳定性动态演化规律相吻合。研究结果表明,可以运用该模型进行降雨型滑坡短周期预测预警。  相似文献   

基于GIS的伊犁河流域生态环境质量评价与动态分析   总被引：12，自引：1，他引：11  

王宏伟  张小雷  乔木  缪燕江 《干旱区地理》2008,31(2):215-221

生态环境质量评价是一项综合性、系统性研究工作,是合理开发利用资源、制定经济社会可持续发展规划和生态环境建设与保护对策的前提和基础。借助GIS技术,以县级行政区划为单元,利用2002和2004年遥感监测数据,运用综合指数评价法,从生物丰度、植被盖度、水网密度、土地退化和污染负荷5个方面,对伊犁河流域8县1市的环境质量现状进行了评价,结果表明:各县级行政区生态环境质量总体较为均衡,均处于一般等级水平,其中流域上游的新源县、巩留县和特克斯县相对较好。在此基础上探讨了生态环境质量综合评价指标体系在干旱区的适用性,比较分析2年期间不同生态环境质量等级的土地覆盖变化,数据表明伊犁河流域生态环境质量呈现"局部有所改善、总体缓慢退化"的趋势,并分析了研究区生态环境质量变化的内在原因。  相似文献   

近30 a内蒙古阿拉善盟不同生态系统土地利用动态遥感监测   总被引：6，自引：4，他引：2  

王涛  颜长珍  宋翔 《中国沙漠》2008,28(6):1001-1004

 利用遥感和GIS空间分析技术,以近30 a内蒙古阿拉善盟两期 Landsat MSS/TM遥感数据为主要信息源,通过目视解译方法提取了农田、林地、草地、水体与湿地、建设用地、荒漠等6种生态系统的25类土地利用现状数据,在此基础上进行了土地利用的动态变化分析。结果表明：近年荒漠生态系统用地达85.59%,其次是草地生态系统用地,占12.76%;近30 a土地利用变化最明显的特征是农田、林地、水域与湿地及建设用地增加80 263 hm²,占总土地面积的0.34%,草地和荒漠生态系统用地减少相应面积,总体土地利用相对变化量不大,仅为0.68%。  相似文献   

劈裂真空法加固软土地基的效果分析   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

章定文  韩文君  刘松玉  杜广印 《岩土力学》2012,33(5):1467-1472

针对常规真空预压法加固软土地基中存在的问题,介绍了最新研制开发的气压劈裂真空预压法及其施工工艺,并通过现场试验段测试结果分析了劈裂真空法加固软土地基的效果。测试结果表明,较常规真空预压法而言,劈裂真空法可以提高真空荷载向深层土体中的传递效率和加速超静孔隙水压力的消散,既可改善深层软土的加固效果又可加速地基固结,缩短工程工期;劈裂真空法加固地基的沉降效率大于常规真空预压法处理地基,沉降易于收敛,有利于工后沉降的控制。通过加固前后孔压静力触探试验测试结果对比和取样室内试验土性参数变化分析,论证了劈裂真空法加固深层软土地基的有效性和优越性。  相似文献   

超小净距隧道爆破振动现场监测及动力响应分析研究   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

朱正国  孙明路  朱永全  孙星亮 《岩土力学》2012,33(12):3747-3752

以南京地铁超小净距隧道为工程背景,结合国内外现有研究成果和规范,研究确保小净距先行隧道安全稳定的后行隧道爆破施工控制技术。以现代信息化施工理论为依据,充分运用现场监控量测,对先行隧道爆破质点振动速度进行监测分析和施工中爆破采用减振和隔振两方面控制技术;最终现场监测结果表明,优化后的循环进尺、段最大装药量与分段爆破差等爆破参数设计合理,该爆破设计在施工中未对先行隧道安全产生较大影响;同时,通过三维数值模拟计算,得到先行隧道壁面的质点振动速度随时间的变化规律,所得最大振速符合规范要求,也再次验证了优化后的爆破设计是合理的。通过数据分析得出隧道边墙的切向和径向振速比拱脚相应振速大,爆破面前方先行洞衬砌受爆破振动的影响稍大于后方衬砌,临近爆破点的左线隧道衬砌表面振动大于远离爆破点的衬砌表面振动。该研究成果为本工程施工提供了科学依据与技术指导,也可为类似隧道工程的爆破掘进工程在理论和施工方法上提供参考借鉴。  相似文献   

岩溶塌陷光纤传感试验装置的标定试验     

管振德  蒋小珍  高明 《中国岩溶》2012,31(2):173-178

根据岩溶土洞(塌陷)变形演化特点,分析土体与传感光纤之间的力学关系,简化塌陷力学模型,加工塌陷模拟试验装置并进行试验。首先通过对光纤加载和卸载来模拟土洞形成过程顶板荷载的变化及分析传感光纤相应的变形和轴向应变特点,然后研究了土洞规模变化对光纤传感监测的影响。研究表明:在土洞形成过程中,因土洞规模和上覆土层荷载不一而导致的应力场的分布变化,以及不同光缆对应力场变化响应灵敏性的差异,是影响分布式光纤传感技术在岩溶土洞中应用的关键因子。文中所标定的光纤传感试验装置能较好地显示岩溶土洞形成演化过程中的应变变化特征,说明分布式光纤传感技术可应用于岩溶土洞的监测预警。   相似文献   

Numerical inversion of deformation caused by pressure sources: application to Mount Etna (Italy)     

E. Trasatti  C. Giunchi  N. Piana Agostinetti 《Geophysical Journal International》2008,172(2):873-884

The interpretation of geodetic data in volcanic areas is usually based on analytical deformation models. Although numerical finite element (FE) modelling allows realistic features such as topography and crustal heterogeneities to be included, the technique is not computationally convenient for solving inverse problems using classical methods. In this paper, we develop a general tool to perform inversions of geodetic data by means of 3-D FE models. The forward model is a library of numerical displacement solutions, where each entry of the library is the surface displacement due to a single stress component applied to an element of the grid. The final solution is a weighted combination of the six stress components applied to a single element-source. The pre-computed forward models are implemented in a global search algorithm, followed by an appraisal of the sampled solutions. After providing extended testing, we apply the method to model the 1993–1997 inflation phase at Mt Etna, documented by GPS and EDM measurements. We consider four different forward libraries, computed in models characterized by homogeneous/heterogeneous medium and flat/topographic free surface. Our results suggest that the elastic heterogeneities of the medium can significantly alter the position of the inferred source, while the topography has minor effect.  相似文献   

Automatic classification of dome instabilities based on Doppler radar measurements at Merapi volcano, Indonesia: Part I     

M. Vöge  M. Hort 《Geophysical Journal International》2008,172(3):1188-1206

Monitoring lava dome instabilities is crucial to efficiently monitor active dome building volcanoes. The Doppler radar technique provides a unique opportunity to gather information about the number of instability events occurring at the growing dome and about the dynamic processes that take place during different types of instabilities. So far, three different kinds of processes have been identified: sliding material, gravitational break-offs and explosive outbursts. In addition, Doppler radars provide rain measurements, which can be used to investigate possible correlations between rainfall and dome activity. Two radar systems have been installed at Merapi volcano in October 2001 and January 2005 to continuously monitor dome instabilities. Due to the large number of instability events that occur during times of high activity, manual processing and analysis of instability events is not practical for monitoring purposes. Therefore, an automatic classification system has been developed, which is capable of identifying different kinds of instabilities as well as rainfall. Two different kinds of classifier models have been applied: (1) neural network and (2) K-nearest-neighbour classifier model. Both classify Doppler spectra according to the underlying dynamic process, that is, rain, sliding material, gravitational break-off or explosive outburst. The classifiers are able to identify disturbances, which have no physical source, but are merely artefacts from the radar device itself. Because radar events are sequences of Doppler spectra, a rule set has been defined, which finally determines the event class. All classifiers have been trained and tested on independent data sets to estimate the classification performance. The overall classification rate is about 90 per cent. Discrimination of instabilities and non-volcanic events reaches about 98 per cent accuracy.  相似文献   

Stable inversions for complete moment tensors   总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5  

Sarah E. Minson  Douglas S. Dreger 《Geophysical Journal International》2008,174(2):585-592

The seismic moment tensors for certain types of sources, such as volcanic earthquakes and nuclear explosions are expected to contain an isotropic component. Some earlier efforts to calculate the isotropic component of these sources are flawed due to an error in the method of Jost & Herrmann. We corrected the method after Herrmann & Hutchensen and found great improvement in the recovery of non-double-couple moment tensors that include an isotropic component. Tests with synthetic data demonstrate the stability of the corrected linear inversion method, and we recalculate the moment tensor solutions reported in Dreger et al. for Long Valley caldera events and Dreger & Woods for Nevada Test Site nuclear explosions. We confirm the findings of Dreger et al. that the Long Valley volcanic sources contain large statistically significant isotropic components. The nuclear explosions have strikingly anomalous source mechanisms, which contain very large isotropic components, making it evident that these events are not tectonic in origin. This indicates that moment tensor inversions could be an important tool for nuclear monitoring.  相似文献