A demineralization mechanism for Lake Balkhash     

Yoshiko Kawabata  Tsuneo Tsukatani  Yukio Katayama 《International Journal of Salt Lake Research》1999,8(2):99-112

Lake Balkhash is one of the many closed lakes in Central Asia. Mechanisms of demineralization in Lake Balkhash were considered from results of surveys undertaken on the lake and along the Ili River. Electrical conductivity (EC) values at the eastern coast in south-western Lake Balkhash were higher than those of the western coast. The Ili River enters at the south-western corner of the lake, so that EC values of this area are low. This water flows westwards. The distribution of Ca₂₊ concentrations showed that these were lower value in Lake Balkhash than along the Ili River, implying Ca₂₊ removal by the lake. Amongst suspended mineral matter in the lake occur calcite and dolomite. Thus, a possible mechanism of calcium removal is that it is removed as crystals of calcite or dolomite. SO ₄ ^2– concentration within the lake has increased for the past 37 years. This may be caused by the discharge into the lake from the city of Balkhash of waste water from a copper smelter.  相似文献   

湖南中部早石炭世腕足动物组合及几个问题的讨论   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

史晓颖 《现代地质》1988,2(3):342

对湘中下石炭统腕足动物群的系统研究表明,该地区的腕足动物群自下而上可划分为6个组合带;1.“plicatifera” tenuiplicaia Hou Ass.（Lower Toumaisian）,2.Unispiri-fer tournaicensis（Kon.）—Eochoristites alatus（Ching）Ass.（Middle Tournaisian）; 3．Finosp-irifer shaoyangensis（Ozaki）—Marginatia vaughani（Muir--Wood）Ass.（Upper Tournasian）;4.（?）itiliproductus groberi（Kren.）——Pugilis hunanensis（Ozaki）Ass.（Lower Visean）;5.Para-kansuella subrhomboidea Sp·nov.——Kansuella——Gigantoproductus maximus （M’coy）Ass．（UpperVisean）;6.Latiproductus latissimus（Sow.）—Gigantoproductus edelburgensis（Phillips）Ass.（Lower Namurian or Serpukhovian）.这些腕足动物大部分是特提斯区广泛分布的属种,能够与西欧,苏联等地的同时期动物群进行很好的对比.对邵东组腕足动物的研究表明,该组的地质时代属晚泥盆世末期.其所产腕足动物能很好地与西欧及苏联同期地层的腕足动物比较.研究表明,在湘中杜内与维宪阶的生物地层界线,根据腕足动物,应置于Finospirifer-marginatia动物群和Delepinea subcarinata—Megachonetes zimmermanni组合带之间,而不是过去认为的Eochoristives—Martiniella动  相似文献   

滇东、川中地区震旦系——寒武系界线附近的遗迹化石   总被引：15，自引：1，他引：14  

李日辉  杨式溥 《现代地质》1988,2(2):158

本文描述的遗迹化石采自滇东地区和四川中部峨眉、乐山地区的震旦系—寒武系界线附近。经鉴定有23个遗迹属、31个遗迹种,其中两个新遗迹属、5个新遗迹种。在系统描述的基础上,还进行了遗迹化石的习性类型解释。这些习性类型包括觅食迹、牧食迹、居住迹和游泳迹。  相似文献   

中西太平洋延绳钓渔业鲸类兼捕的空间变化及其环境影响     

石一茜  戴小杰  朱江峰 《海洋科学》2023,47(4):145-154

鲸类物种和延绳钓渔具之间的相互作用是一种全球性现象,该相互作用威胁到鲸类物种的保护和延绳钓渔业的经济可行性。尽管认识到鲸类兼捕问题,但很少对其影响进行全面评估。根据中西部太平洋渔业委员会(WCPFC)科学机构提供的2013—2019年期间的观察员数据,利用广义可加模型(GAM)分析金枪鱼延绳钓渔业中兼捕的鲸类与时空和环境因子的关系。结果表明:在中西太平洋海域,共兼捕260头鲸类,隶属于2目5科19种,主要的兼捕对象是伪虎鲸(Pseudorca crassidens)、瓶鼻海豚(Tursiops truncatus)、里氏海豚(Grampus griseus)、短鳍领航鲸(Globicephala macrorhynchus)、糙齿海豚(Steno bredanensis)等。GAM模型对BPUE的总偏差解释率为71.7%,经度的贡献率最大为34.3%,各预测变量的相对重要性分别为经度>海表温度>叶绿素a浓度>纬度>单位捕捞努力量渔获量(CPUE)。鲸类兼捕主要由空间和环境因子所决定,其中海表温度主要影响鲸类的相对丰度,叶绿素a浓度影响鲸类的分布。未来,渔业管理者...  相似文献   

大西洋中部黄鳍金枪鱼(Thunnus albacares)的垂直分布与有关环境因子的关系   总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8  

宋利明  陈新军  许柳雄 《海洋与湖沼》2004,35(1):64-68

根据2001年6—10月在大西洋中部大洋性金枪鱼延绳钓作业中观测到的黄鳍金枪鱼的上钩钩号,应用悬链线钩深计算公式分别计算出各钩号的钩深;根据STD仪测得的温度、盐度的垂直分布以钩深为引数,查出该尾鱼捕获水深处的温、盐数据;根据黄鳍金枪鱼的取样数据,推算出各水层、各水温段、各盐度段的渔获率。渔获率最大的水层、水温段、盐度段为黄鳍金枪鱼的最适水层、水温段、盐度段;渔获率为前3位的水层、水温、盐度段为黄鳍金枪鱼活动较频繁的水层、水温段、盐度段。结果表明,在大西洋中部,黄鳍金枪鱼的最适水层为150．00—179．99m,最适水温段为13．00—13．99℃,最适盐度段为35．40—35．49;大西洋中部渔场黄鳍金枪鱼活动较频繁的水层为120．00—209．99m,水温段为12．00—14．99℃,盐度段为35．20—35．49。  相似文献   

From incipient island arc to doubly‐vergent orogen: A review of geodynamic models and sedimentary basin‐fills of southern Central America          下载免费PDF全文

Christian Brandes  Jutta Winsemann 《Island Arc》2018,27(5)

Southern Central America is a Late Mesozoic/Cenozoic island arc that evolved in response to the subduction of the Farallón Plate beneath the Caribbean Plate in the Late Cretaceous and, from the Oligocene, the Cocos and Nazca Plates. Southern Central America is one of the best studied convergent margins in the world. The aim of this paper is to review the sedimentary and structural evolution of arc‐related sedimentary basins in southern Central America, and to show how the arc developed from a pre‐extensional intra‐oceanic island arc into a doubly‐vergent, subduction orogen. The Cenozoic sedimentary history of southern Central America is placed into the plate tectonic context of existing Caribbean Plate models. From regional basin analysis, the evolution of the southern Central American island arc is subdivided into three phases: (i) non‐extensional stage during the Campanian; (ii) extensional phase during the Maastrichtian‐Oligocene with rapid basin subsidence and deposition of arc‐related, clastic sediments; and (iii) doubly‐vergent, compressional arc phase along the 280 km long southern Costa Rican arc segment related to either oblique subduction of the Nazca plate, west‐to‐east passage of the Nazca–Cocos–Caribbean triple junction, or the subduction of rough oceanic crust of the Cocos Plate. The Pleistocene subduction of the Cocos Ridge contributed to the contraction but was not the primary driver. The architecture of the arc‐related sedimentary basin‐fills has been controlled by four factors: (i) subsidence caused by tectonic mechanisms, linked to the angle and morphology of the incoming plate, as shown by the fact that subduction of aseismic ridges and slab segments with rough crust were important drivers for subduction erosion, controlling the shape of forearc and trench‐slope basins, the lifespan of sedimentary basins, and the subsidence and uplift patterns; (ii) subsidence caused by slab rollback and resulting trench retreat; (iii) eustatic sea‐level changes; and (iv) sediment dispersal systems.  相似文献   

A 100 m.y. record of volcanic arc evolution in Nicaragua     

Kennet E. Flores  Esteban Gazel 《Island Arc》2020,29(1)

The processes that result in arc magmas are critical to understanding element recycling in subduction zones, yet little is known about how these systems evolve with time. Nicaragua provides an opportunity to reconstruct the history of a volcanic arc since the Cretaceous. Here we present the stratigraphy of the Cretaceous–Eocene volcanic units in Nicaragua and their relationship to the different tectonic units where the arc developed. We discovered an evolution from an arc‐dominated by calc‐alkaline compositions in the Cretaceous–Eocene, to transitional compositions in the Oligocene–Miocene, to finally tholeiitic magmas common in the modern volcanic front. Our petrographic studies confirm that in the Cretaceous–Eocene the olivine + clinopyroxene cotectic was followed by clinopyroxene + plagioclase ± amphibole. Given the abundance of amphibole and the lack of this mineral in the modern volcanic front, the Cretaceous–Eocene Arc melts were likely more water‐rich than modern Nicaragua, suppressing the crystallization of plagioclase after olivine. We also found temporal changes in element ratios that are sensitive to variations in sediment input. The Cretaceous–Eocene Arc is characterized by a lower Ba/Th compared to the Oligocene–Miocene and modern volcanic front samples, suggesting that the sediment input was lower in Ba, possibly analogous to old deep siliceous sediment subducting in the western Pacific. Both U/Th and U/La are higher in the modern volcanics, reflecting higher U/Th in the subducting sediments following the 'Carbonate Crash'. Finally, we found that the orientation of the arc axis also changed, from northeast‐southwest in the Cretaceous–Eocene to northwest‐southeast after the Oligocene. This change probably records variations in the location of the subduction zone as this region shaped into its current geographic configuration.  相似文献   

Distribution of ductile deformation around the Main Central Thrust zone at the frontal part of nappe in southeastern Nepal Himalaya     

Katsushi Sato  Harutaka Sakai  Tetsuo Kawakami 《Island Arc》2020,29(1)

A geological survey and morphological analysis of quartz grains were performed to investigate the distribution of ductile deformation caused by the Himalayan Main Central Thrust (MCT) around Dhankuta, southeastern Nepal. The MCT was mapped as the lithological boundary between the gneiss of the Higher Himalayan Crystalline (HHC) as the hanging wall and the inverted metamorphic sequence of the Lesser Himalayan Sediments (LHS) as the footwall. The MCT was found to truncate various stratigraphic levels of LHS and cuts a map‐scale gentle fold developed in the LHS. Ductile deformation was quantified by fractal dimension between size and perimeter of dynamically recrystallized quartz grains in bedded metaquartzite intercalated in both HHC and LHS. Serrate and polygonal shapes of quartz indicate large and small strain rates, respectively, when the temperature during ductile deformation was assumed to be uniform. A peak of strain rate was found at the lithological boundary with the peak width of ca. 500 m. Such a thin shear zone is favorable for producing frictional heat to promote the inverted metamorphism in LHS.  相似文献   

Climate and relief-induced controls on the temporal variability of denudation rates in a granitic upland     

Gerald Raab  Markus Egli  Kevin Norton  Dennis Dahms  Dagmar Brandová  Marcus Christl  Fabio Scarciglia 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2019,44(13):2570-2586

How soil erosion rates evolved over the last about 100 ka and how they relate to environmental and climate variability is largely unknown. This is due to a lack of suitable archives that help to trace this evolution. We determined in situ cosmogenic beryllium-10 (¹⁰Be) along vertical landforms (tors, boulders and scarps) on the Sila Massif to unravel their local exhumation patterns to develop a surface denudation model over millennia. Due to the physical resistance of tors, their rate of exhumation may be used to derive surface and, thus, soil denudation rates over time. We derived soil denudation rates that varied in the range 0–0.40 mm yr^-1. The investigated boulders, however, appear to have experienced repositioning processes about ~20–25 ka bp and were therefore a less reliable archive. The scarps of the Sila upland showed a rapid bedrock exposure within the last 8–15 ka. Overall, the denudation rates increased steadily after 75 ka bp but remained low until about 17 ka bp . The exhumation rates indicate a denudation pulse that occurred about 17–5 ka bp . Since then the rates have continuously decreased. We identify three key factors for these developments – climate, topography and vegetation. Between 75 and 17 ka bp , climate was colder and drier than today. The rapid changes towards warmer and humid conditions at the Pleistocene–Holocene transition apparently increased denudation rates. A denser vegetation cover with time counteracted denudation. Topography also determined the extent of denudation rates in the upland regime. On slopes, denudation rates were generally higher than on planar surfaces. By determining the exhumation rates of tors and scarps, soil erosion rates could be determined over long timescales and be related to topography and particularly to climate. This is key for understanding geomorphic dynamics under current environmental settings and future climate change. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

2019年6月17日四川长宁6.0级地震中心震源机制解及震源区构造应力场研究     

刘敬光  万永革  黄志斌  李振月  胡晓辉  李泽潇 《震灾防御技术》2019,14(3):677-685

不同资料和方法给出的2019年6月17日四川长宁6.0级地震震源机制解存在较大差异,为了找到1个合适的震源机制解来研究此次地震的发震方式,通过数学方法得到了与现有震源机制解差别最小的中心震源机制解,节面I的走向、倾角、滑动角分别为194.78°、52.68°和139.16°,节面Ⅱ的走向、倾角、滑动角分别为312.44°、58.67°和45.22°,根据本次地震余震分布拟合得到的断层面的走向为312.17°,与中心震源机制的节面Ⅱ走向一致,因而推断节面Ⅱ为本次地震的发震断层面。之后,利用此次地震之前震源区地震的震源机制解,反演了震源区的震前构造应力场。结果表明,长宁6.0级地震的中心震源机制解和震源区震前应力场均为逆冲型为主兼走滑分量的类型,震前应力场压轴为NWW—SEE向,中间轴为NNE—SSW向,两轴倾角接近水平,而张轴较陡,表现为逆冲型的应力场。将反演得到的应力场投影到中心震源机制解给出的与余震分布一致的节面上,发现中心震源机制解的滑动角和应力场预测的滑动角差别仅为13.45°,表明此次地震受背景应力场控制而发生在先存的薄弱面上。  相似文献