Situating corporate framings of child labor: Toward grounded geographies of working children in globalized agriculture     

《Geoforum》2015

The expansion of multinational corporations into agricultural production around the world is resulting in new forms of engagement in specific places. In the context of neoliberal restructuring, these engagements are tied to shifting landscapes of societal, governmental and industry-based perceptions on the role of corporations in labor regimes. But how are these engagements developed and how do they connect to the everyday lives of workers? In India, when Monsanto expanded into hybrid cotton seed production in the early 2000s, the corporation came under pressure to address concerns over the widespread employment of children and young workers for seed pollination. In response, the corporation developed an approach to child labor that, I argue, works to reinforce generalized and problematic notions of childhood and work. Corporate engagements in global agriculture need to be situated in time and space, and alongside the experiences of workers. Children experience attempts to shape their patterns of work and mobility as a series of surmountable obstacles, disconnected from the process of deciding whether or not they will engage in this work. Drawing on qualitative fieldwork in Gujarat and Rajasthan, and documentary analysis of public documents, I outline the development of a corporate response to child labor and place it within the context of the rise of corporate social responsibility, global ideas of child labor, and in the specific case of cotton seed production in western India. I demonstrate that contextualized geographies of working children in globalized agriculture reveal the nature of multinational corporations’ engagements in specific places.  相似文献   

P–T–t evidence for mechanisms of vertical tectonic motion in a contractional orogen: north-western US and Canadian Cordillera     

Whitney  Miller  & Paterson 《Journal of Metamorphic Geology》1999,17(1):75-90

The >1800 km long Coast Mountains–North Cascades orogen of the Canadian Cordillera and north-western US developed as a continental magmatic arc. Metamorphic rocks in the orogen contain widespread evidence for burial of supracrustal rocks to depths of c. 40 km, followed by nearly isothermal decompression to depths of <10 km. Near many shallowly-emplaced, mid-Cretaceous plutons, low-pressure contact metamorphic effects were overprinted by high-pressure regional metamorphic minerals and textures, as evidenced by kyanite±staurolite pseudomorphs after andalusite in metapelitic rocks. Therefore, near-pluton rocks record the loading history of the orogen. Metapelitic rocks not associated with plutons only preserve evidence for high-pressure conditions and/or high-temperature decompression, as indicated, for example, by sillimanite and cordierite after kyanite and garnet, respectively. Petrological evidence for burial and decompression is therefore recorded in different rocks. Various regions of the orogen differ in timing of metamorphism, the overall shape of P–T paths and the relative timing and regional extent of the high-pressure event, but most of these data and observations are consistent with thrusting and/or pure shear thickening as primary loading mechanisms throughout the orogen, as opposed to magma-dominated loading. This interpretation is further supported by comparison with thermal models, which demonstrate that the P–T paths are consistent with simultaneous thrusting and folding at a high initial geothermal gradient (35–40 °C km^?1) in much of the orogen. A high geothermal gradient supports tectonic models invoking intra-arc contraction and suggests that magmatism played an important role in regional temperature-time paths. This tectonic-thermal history may be typical of other contractional orogens and illustrates the importance of large vertical displacement of crust in magmatic arcs.  相似文献   

Educating the compassionate water engineer–a remedy to avoid future water management failures? / Former des spécialistes de l’eau citoyens–une solution pour éviter de futurs échecs en gestion de l’eau?     

《水文科学杂志》2013,58(1)

Abstract

Abstract The number of local and regional-scale water management failures appears steadily to increase despite an apparently higher level of engineering solutions at hand. The objective of this paper is to examine the challenges the existing education system needs to meet in order to produce water engineers capable of responding to the complexity of contemporary and future water problems in relation to societal needs. The next generation of water engineers may stay in their professional functions until 2040 or 2050. It is likely that in this period more critical water management and environmental problems will be experienced than have been encountered so far. The question then arises whether the present water engineers have the proper background education to understand environmental, hydrological, ecological and socio-economic problems to resolve related water management problems. Future water engineers must, to a greater extent, include socio-economic consequences in planned and/or designed water management systems and convey greater transparency regarding risks and societal effects.  相似文献   

Influence of underground space development mode on the groundwater flow field in Xiong’an new area          下载免费PDF全文

Yi-hang Gao  Jun-hui Shen  Lin Chen  Xiao Li  Shuang Jin  Zhen Ma  Qing-hua Meng 《地下水科学与工程》2023,11(1):68-80

The degree and scale of underground space development are growing with the continuous advancement of urbanization in China. The lack of research on the change of the groundwater flow field before and after the development of underground space has led to various problems in the process of underground space development and operation. This paper took the key development zone of the Xiong’an New Area as the study area, and used the Groundwater modeling system software (GMS) to analyse the influence on the groundwater flow field under the point, line, and surface development modes. The main results showed that the underground space development would lead to the expansion and deepening of the cone of depression in the aquifer. The groundwater level on the upstream face of the underground structure would rise, while the water level on the downstream face would drop. The “line” concurrent development has the least impact on the groundwater flow field, and the maximum rise of water level on the upstream side of the underground structure is expected to be approximately 3.05 m. The “surface” development has the greatest impact on the groundwater flow field, and the maximum rise of water level is expected to be 7.17 m.  相似文献   

贵州盘州米妥勘查区煤层顶底板Ga矿富集特征及成因     

张小祥 《江苏地质》2023,47(2):153-158

为查清贵州盘州米妥勘查区煤层顶底板及煤中Ga的赋存状况,开展钻孔勘探工作,采集煤层顶底板泥化样品39件,煤样品25件,使用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法测定Ga含量,根据样品中Ga含量的实测结果,结合勘查区聚煤时期的古地理环境及煤层顶底板沉积物源等特征,分析上二叠统煤层顶底板中Ga矿的富集特征及成因。结果表明：米妥勘查区煤中Ga富集程度低,25件煤样品中Ga的平均含量为7.90 μg/g,远低于边界品位;煤层顶底板中Ga富集程度高,21件顶板样品中Ga含量为31.8～46.2 μg/g,平均值为39.6 μg/g,18件底板样品中Ga含量为31.1～51.4 μg/g,平均值为41.3 μg/g,底板中Ga含量均值略高于顶板。顶底板中Ga的含量达到我国煤中伴生矿的工业指标,该区域煤层顶底板及围岩具有稀散金属矿找矿前景。分析沉积的古地理环境特征及沉积物源,认为聚煤时期古地理环境多为陆相及海陆交互相,导致煤层顶底板多为泥岩及泥质砂岩,陆源碎屑物为Ga沉积提供了很好的来源,流水、风力等搬运作用为Ga提供了很好的富集方式。  相似文献   

Rapid screening of Zr-containing particles from Chang’e-5 lunar soil samples for isotope geochronology: Technical roadmap for future study     

《地学前缘(英文版)》2022,13(3):101367

New samples returned by China Chang’e-5 (CE-5) mission offer an opportunity for studying the lunar geologic longevity, space weathering, and regolith evolution. The age determination of the CE-5 samples was among the first scientific questions to be answered. However, the precious samples, most in the micrometer size range, challenge many traditional analyses on large single crystals of zircon developed for massive bulk samples. Here, we developed a non-destructive rapid screening of individual zirconium-containing particle for isotope geochronology based on a Micro X-ray fluorescence analysis (µXRF). The selected particles were verified via scanning electron microscopy (SEM), 3D X-ray microscopy (XRM), and focused ion beam scanning electron microscopy (FIB-SEM) techniques, which showed that zirconium-bearing minerals with several microns were precisely positioned and readily suitable for site-specific isotopic dating by second ion mass spectrometry (SIMS). Such protocol could be also applicable in non-destructively screening other types of particles for different scientific purposes. We therefore proposed a correlative workflow for comprehensively studying the CE-5 lunar samples from single particles on nanometer to atomic scales. Linking various microscopic and spectromicroscopic instruments together, this workflow consists of six steps: (1) single-particle selection with non-destructive µXRF technique, (2) 2D/3D morphological and structural characterization with a correlative submicron 3D XRM and nanoscale resolution FIB-SEM imaging methods, (3) SEM analysis of the surface morphology and chemistry of the selected particle, (4) a series of microscopic and microbeam analyses (e.g., SEM, electron probe microanalysis, and SIMS) on the cross-section of the selected particle to obtain structural, mineralogical, chemical, and isotopic features from the micron to nanometer scale, (5) advanced 2D/3D characterization and site-specific sample preparation of thin foil/tip specimens on a microregion of interest in the selected particle with FIB-SEM technique, and (6) comprehensive analyses on the FIB-milled specimens at nanometer to atomic scale with synchrotron-based scanning transmission X-ray microscopy, analytic transmission electron microscopy, and atom probe tomography. Following this technical roadmap, one can integrate multiple modalities into a uniform frame of multimodal and multiscale correlated datasets to acquire high-throughput information on the limited or precious terrestrial and extraterrestrial samples.  相似文献   

扬子地台西南缘康滇断隆带海孜双峰式侵入岩体年代学、地球化学及其地质意义   总被引：4，自引：2，他引：2  

杨斌  王伟清  董国臣  郭阳  王子正  侯林 《岩石学报》2015,31(5):1361-1373

海孜辉绿岩-花岗斑岩双峰式侵入岩体位于扬子地台西南缘康滇断隆带中的武定-元江裂陷槽内,本文对海孜辉绿岩和花岗斑岩主要进行了LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年和地球化学研究。花岗斑岩的定年结果为1764±18Ma,辉绿岩的定年结果为1765±5.4Ma。岩相学及地球化学测定数据显示海孜地区辉绿岩具有细粒和粗粒两种结构,与花岗斑岩之间存在明显的组分间断,形成双峰态,其中花岗斑岩为钙碱性(Si O2=70.93%~73.04%,σ=1.28),辉绿岩属过碱性(Si O2=42.46%~48.26%,σ=15.3),Hf同位素特征表明两者可能均与幔源母岩浆相关。而海孜双峰式分布特征显示大陆裂谷拉张环境的构造背景,暗示海孜岩体是1.7Ga时昆阳裂谷裂解时期产物,与全球Columbia超大陆的裂解事件相呼应。作为扬子地台西南缘首次发现的1.7Ga双峰式侵入岩,海孜双峰式侵入岩的发现具有重要的地质意义。  相似文献   

利用GOCE模拟观测反演重力场的Torus法   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

刘焕玲  汉江  徐新禹  朱广彬 《测绘学报》2015,44(9):965-972

在介绍Torus方法反演地球重力场模型的基本原理和方法的基础上,基于圆环面上均匀分布的卫星引力梯度模拟观测值解算了200阶次的地球重力场模型,在无误差情况下,Torus方法解算模型的阶误差RMS小于10-16,验证了该方法的严密性。利用61dGOCE卫星轨道上无误差的模拟引力梯度观测值解算了200阶次的地球重力场模型,分析了格网化误差、极空白对解算精度的影响,迭代3次后,在不考虑低次系数情况下,模型的大地水准面阶误差和累积误差均较小,最大值仅为0.022mm和0.099mm。在沿轨卫星引力梯度模拟数据中加入5mE/Hz1/2的白噪声,基于Torus方法和空域最小二乘法解算了200阶次的地球重力场模型,Torus方法的精度略低于空域最小二乘法的精度,在不考虑低次项的情况下,两种方法解算模型的大地水准面阶误差最大值分别为1.58cm和1.45cm,累积误差最大值分别为6.37cm和5.55cm。但由于采用了二维快速傅里叶技术和块对角最小二乘法,极大地提高了计算效率。本文数值结果说明Torus方法是一种独立有效的方法,可用于GOCE任务海量卫星引力梯度观测值反演重力场的快速解算。  相似文献   

‘Big data’ for pedestrian volume: Exploring the use of Google Street View images for pedestrian counts     

《Applied geography (Sevenoaks, England)》2015

New sources of data such as ‘big data’ and computational analytics have stimulated innovative pedestrian oriented research. Current studies, however, are still limited and subjective with regard to the use of Google Street View and other online sources for environment audits or pedestrian counts because of the manual information extraction and compilation, especially for large areas. This study aims to provide future research an alternative method to conduct large scale data collection more consistently and objectively on pedestrian counts and possibly for environment audits and stimulate discussion of the use of ‘big data’ and recent computational advances for planning and design. We explore and report information needed to automatically download and assemble Google Street View images, as well as other image parameters for a wide range of analysis and visualization, and explore extracting pedestrian count data based on these images using machine vision and learning technology. The reliability tests results based on pedestrian information collected from over 200 street segments in Buffalo, NY, Washington, D.C., and Boston, MA respectively suggested that the image detection method used in this study are capable of determining the presence of pedestrian with a reasonable level of accuracy. The limitation and potential improvement of the proposed method is also discussed.  相似文献   

哀牢山南段长安金矿地质特征及找矿方法研究     

李华  王永华  张星培  艾斯卡尔  周一敏 《地质学报》2015,89(6):1085-1098

长安金矿位于哀牢山成矿带南段,是该成矿带上新近发现的又一大型金矿床。该区为哀牢山地体边缘地壳增生带,主要由深变质岩系组成,区内构造断裂发育,对岩浆活动和成矿作用有显著影响。本文总结了长安金矿的地质特征,并以该区的控矿断裂F6为主要研究目标,以地层岩性电性特征作为约束条件,分别展开了磁法、激电、瞬变电磁和大地电磁等综合物探手段的试验研究。研究结果表明,磁法对于该矿找矿效果不明显,瞬变电磁和大地电磁测深反演的电阻率低阻体,准确界定了控矿断裂F6的位置、倾向、断距以及深部延伸情况,通过激电异常可大致判断矿体的位置。所以在长安金矿区下一步的深部隐伏矿勘查中,结合瞬变电磁、激电、大地电磁等地球物理方法,辅以土壤化探异常进行约束,可以达到快速有效找矿之目的。  相似文献