Preliminary evidence for human fecal contamination in corals of the Florida Keys,USA   总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6  

Lipp EK  Jarrell JL  Griffin DW  Lukasik J  Jacukiewicz J  Rose JB 《Marine pollution bulletin》2002,44(7):666-670

Corals and reef environments are under increased stress from anthropogenic activities, particularly those in the vicinity of heavily populated areas such as the Florida Keys. The potential adverse impacts of wastewater can affect both the environment and human health; however, because of the high decay rate of bacterial indicators in coral reef waters it has been difficult to document the presence of microbial contaminants and to assign risks in these environments. Here we show initial evidence that microorganisms associated with human feces are concentrated along the surface of coral heads relative to the overlying water column in the Florida Keys. Bacterial indicators (fecal coliform bacteria, enterococci or Clostridium perfringens) were detected in 66.7% of the coral surface microlayer (CSM) samples at levels between five and 1000 CFU/100 ml, but were found infrequently and at low numbers in the overlying water column ( < or = 2.5 CFU/100 ml). Similarly, enterovirus nucleic acid sequences, an indicator of human-specific waste, were detected in 93.3% of the CSM samples and only once in the water column by cell culture. Results show that coral mucus may accumulate enteric microorganisms in reef environments, and may indicate a risk to public and environmental health despite low indicator levels in the surrounding water.  相似文献   

Species distribution modelling to support marine conservation planning: The next steps     

《Marine Policy》2014

Species distribution models (SDMs) offer great potential for inclusion into the toolbox of today's marine environmental manager, especially with regard to marine conservation and planning. The application of SDMs in the marine environment over recent years has been varied but there are still relatively few examples in comparison with terrestrial application, and this is especially true in deep-sea marine ecosystems. This short article builds upon two recent review articles concerning the application of species distribution modelling studies in the marine realm, offering additional practical considerations for discussion. Recommendations for progressing the improved application of SDMs to support marine conservation planning are given, including combining model outputs with other data layers, metadata standards and model error. SDMs have both an urgent and long term contribution to make to marine conservation planning globally, and it is hoped that this article, in combination with developing research on marine SDMs, will contribute to some much needed discussion and inform best practice and new research to enable these models to be of greater use to marine managers.  相似文献   

日照市土壤重金属来源解析及环境风险评价   总被引：66，自引：3，他引：63  

吕建树  张祖陆  刘洋  代杰瑞  王学  王茂香 《地理学报》2012,67(7):971-984

选择日照市的东港区和岚山区为研究区,采集了445个0～20 cm表层土壤样品,并测定了10种重金属元素的含量;采用多元统计和地统计分析,揭示了研究区土壤重金属污染的主要来源以及与土地利用、成土母质之间的关系,绘制了重金属的环境风险概率的空间分布图.结果表明:①As、Co、Cr和Cu的平均值低于山东省东部地区土壤背景值,Cd、Hg、Mn、Ni、Pb和Zn的平均值高于背景值,尤其是Cd、Hg的含量分别为背景值的1.85和1.38倍,土壤中重金属累积较为明显.②10种元素可被辩识出4个主成分(PCs),PC1 (Co、Cr、Mn、Ni和Zn)和PC3 (As、Cu)为自然源因子,PC2 (Cd、Pb)为工农业及交通源因子,PC4(Hg)为工业源因子;其中Pb、Zn在PC1和PC3上均有较大载荷,受地质背景和人类活动的共同控制.③Cd、Hg含量在不同的覆被类型有显著差异,在城镇建设用地的含量最高;Co、Cr、Cu、Mn和Ni在花岗岩和变质岩母质的含量高,与冲积与海积物母质有较大差异.④来自于同一主成分的元素及元素组合的环境风险空间格局与相应主成分插值结果基本一致,所有重金属综合环境风险的高值区在西部和东部呈点状分布,主要是由西部的高地质背景和东部的强烈人为干扰的综合作用造成的.  相似文献   

Estimation of enterococci input from bathers and animals on a recreational beach using camera images     

John D. Wang  Helena M. Solo-Gabriele  Amir M. Abdelzaher  Lora E. Fleming 《Marine pollution bulletin》2010,60(8):1270-6769

Enterococci, are used nationwide as a water quality indicator of marine recreational beaches. Prior research has demonstrated that enterococci inputs to the study beach site (located in Miami, FL) are dominated by non-point sources (including humans and animals). We have estimated their respective source functions by developing a counting methodology for individuals to better understand their non-point source load impacts. The method utilizes camera images of the beach taken at regular time intervals to determine the number of people and animal visitors. The developed method translates raw image counts for week days and weekend days into daily and monthly visitation rates. Enterococci source functions were computed from the observed number of unique individuals for average days of each month of the year, and from average load contributions for humans and for animals. Results indicate that dogs represent the larger source of enterococci relative to humans and birds.  相似文献   

Phytoplankton based assessment of the ecological status of four shallow lakes (Eastern Poland) according to Water Framework Directive - a comparison of approaches   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Agnieszka Pasztaleniec  Ma?gorzata Poniewozik 《Limnologica》2010,40(3):251-3828

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Cumulative impacts on seabed habitats: An indicator for assessments of good environmental status     

Samuli Korpinen  Manuel MeidingerMaria Laamanen 《Marine pollution bulletin》2013

The European seas are under anthropogenic pressures impacting the state of water quality, benthic habitats and species. The EU Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD) requires the Member States to assess the impacts of pressures and make a programme of measures leading to good environmental status (GES) by 2020. This study presents a method for assessing the quantity and distribution of anthropogenic impacts on benthic habitats in the Baltic Sea by using spatial data of human pressures and benthic habitats. The southern sub-basins were more extensively impacted than the northern sub-basins. Over the entire sea area, deep sea habitats were more impacted than shallower infralittoral and circalittoral habitats. Sand and coarse sediments were the seabed types relatively most impacted in the Baltic Sea scale. A comparison against tentative thresholds for GES showed that in the sub-basin scale only one third of the habitat types was in GES.  相似文献   

和静开门德廷铜多金属矿矿体原生晕特征     

王敦科  韩建华  马海军 《新疆地质》2012,30(Z1):49-52

开门德廷铜多金属矿位于那拉提铜镍金铁成矿带内,发育于斜长花岗斑岩体外接触带上,围岩蚀变由矿体向外发育绢英岩化、青磐岩化、硅化,矿体发育于绢英岩化带内.通过对矿体原生晕特征研究,确立矿体原生晕分带序列.矿体原生晕R型因子模型分析显示为多期热液成矿作用,与典型斑岩矿床因子特征一致.由此建立了矿体指示元素组合评价指标,有利于预测深部盲矿体.  相似文献   

“Indicators of vulnerability and adaptive capacity”: Towards a clarification of the science–policy interface     

Jochen Hinkel   《Global Environmental Change》2011,21(1):198-208

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Vegetation patterns and diversity along an altitudinal and a grazing gradient in the Jabal al Akhdar mountain range of northern Oman   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Katja Brinkmann  Annette Patzelt  Uta Dickhoefer  Eva Schlecht  Andreas Buerkert 《Journal of Arid Environments》2009,73(11):1035-1045

Little is known about the effects of grazing on vegetation composition on the Arabian Peninsula. The aim of this study therefore was to analyse the vegetation response to environmental conditions of open woodlands along an altitudinal and a grazing gradient in the Jabal al Akhdar mountain range of Oman. The species composition, vegetation structure, grazing damage and several environmental variables were investigated for 62 samples using a nested plot design. Classification analysis and a Canonical Variate Analysis (CVA) were used to define vegetation types and to identify underlying environmental gradients. The relationship between environmental variables and diversity was analysed using correlation coefficients and a main-effects ANOVA. The plant species richness followed a unimodal distribution along the altitudinal gradient with the highest number of species at the intermediate altitudinal belt. The cluster analysis led to five vegetation groups: The Sideroxylon mascatense–Dodonaea viscosa group on grazed and the Olea europaea–Fingerhuthia africana group on ungrazed plateau sites at 2000 m a.s.l., the Ziziphus spina-christi–Nerium oleander group at wadi sites and the Moringa peregrina–Pteropyrum scoparium group at 1200 m a.s.l, and the Acacia gerrardii–Leucas inflata group at 1700 m a.s.l. The CVA indicated a clear distinction of the groups obtained by the agglomerative cluster analysis. The landform, altitude and grazing intensity were found to be the most important variables distinguishing between clusters. Overgrazing of the studied rangeland is an increasing environmental problem, whereas the plant composition at ungrazed sites pointed to a relatively fast and high regeneration potential of the local vegetation.  相似文献   

Indicator Kriging without Order Relation Violations   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1  

Raimon Tolosana-Delgado  Vera Pawlowsky-Glahn  Juan-Jose Egozcue 《Mathematical Geosciences》2008,40(3):327-347

Indicator kriging (IK) is a spatial interpolation technique aimed at estimating the conditional cumulative distribution function (ccdf) of a variable at an unsampled location. Obtained results form a discrete approximation to this ccdf, and its corresponding discrete probability density function (cpdf) should be a vector, where each component gives the probability of an occurrence of a class. Therefore, this vector must have positive components summing up to one, like in a composition in the simplex. This suggests a simplicial approach to IK, based on the algebraic-geometric structure of this sample space: simplicial IK actually works with log-odds. Interpolated log-odds can afterwards be easily re-expressed as the desired cpdf or ccdf. An alternative but equivalent approach may also be based on log-likelihoods. Both versions of the method avoid by construction all conventional IK standard drawbacks: estimates are always within the (0,1) interval and present no order-relation problems (either with kriging or co-kriging). Even the modeling of indicator structural functions is clarified.  相似文献