Thermal structure and heat loss at the summit crater of an active lava dome     

Steve T. Sahetapy-Engel  Andrew J. L. Harris 《Bulletin of Volcanology》2009,71(1):15-28

Forward-Looking Infrared (FLIR) nighttime thermal images were used to extract the thermal and morphological properties for the surface of a blocky-to-rubbley lava mass active within the summit crater of the Caliente vent at Santiaguito lava dome (Guatemala). Thermally the crater was characterized by three concentric regions: a hot outer annulus of loose fine material at 150–400°C, an inner cold annulus of blocky lava at 40–80°C, and a warm central core at 100–200°C comprising younger, hotter lava. Intermittent explosions resulted in thermal renewal of some surfaces, mostly across the outer annulus where loose, fine, fill material was ejected to expose hotter, underlying, material. Surface heat flux densities (radiative + free convection) were dominated by losses from the outer annulus (0.3–1.5 × 10⁴  s⁻¹m⁻²), followed by the hot central core (0.1–0.4 × 10⁴ J s⁻¹m⁻²) and cold annulus (0.04–0.1 × 10⁴ J s⁻¹m⁻²). Overall surface power output was also dominated by the outer annulus region (31–176 MJ s⁻¹), but the cold annulus contributed equal power (2.41–7.07 MJ s⁻¹) as the hot central core (2.68–6.92 MJ s⁻¹) due to its greater area. Cooled surfaces (i.e. the upper thermal boundary layer separating surface temperatures from underlying material at magmatic temperatures) across the central core and cold annulus had estimated thicknesses, based on simple conductive model, of 0.3–2.2 and 1.5–4.3 m. The stability of the thermal structure through time and between explosions indicates that it is linked to a deeper structural control likely comprising a central massive plug, feeding lava flow from the SW rim of the crater, surrounded by an arcuate, marginal fracture zone through which heat and mass can preferentially flow.  相似文献   

Modelling the lava dome extruded at Soufrière Hills Volcano, Montserrat, August 2005–May 2006: Part II: Rockfall activity and talus deformation     

A.J. Hale  E.S. Calder  S.C. Loughlin  G. Wadge  G.A. Ryan 《Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research》2009,187(1-2):69-84

During many lava dome-forming eruptions, persistent rockfalls and the concurrent development of a substantial talus apron around the foot of the dome are important aspects of the observed activity. An improved understanding of internal dome structure, including the shape and internal boundaries of the talus apron, is critical for determining when a lava dome is poised for a major collapse and how this collapse might ensue. We consider a period of lava dome growth at the Soufrière Hills Volcano, Montserrat, from August 2005 to May 2006, during which a  100 × 10⁶ m³ lava dome developed that culminated in a major dome-collapse event on 20 May 2006. We use an axi-symmetrical Finite Element Method model to simulate the growth and evolution of the lava dome, including the development of the talus apron. We first test the generic behaviour of this continuum model, which has core lava and carapace/talus components. Our model describes the generation rate of talus, including its spatial and temporal variation, as well as its post-generation deformation, which is important for an improved understanding of the internal configuration and structure of the dome. We then use our model to simulate the 2005 to 2006 Soufrière Hills dome growth using measured dome volumes and extrusion rates to drive the model and generate the evolving configuration of the dome core and carapace/talus domains. The evolution of the model is compared with the observed rockfall seismicity using event counts and seismic energy parameters, which are used here as a measure of rockfall intensity and hence a first-order proxy for volumes. The range of model-derived volume increments of talus aggraded to the talus slope per recorded rockfall event, approximately 3 × 10³–13 × 10³ m³ per rockfall, is high with respect to estimates based on observed events. From this, it is inferred that some of the volumetric growth of the talus apron (perhaps up to 60–70%) might have occurred in the form of aseismic deformation of the talus, forced by an internal, laterally spreading core. Talus apron growth by this mechanism has not previously been identified, and this suggests that the core, hosting hot gas-rich lava, could have a greater lateral extent than previously considered.  相似文献   

都龙-Song Chay变质穹隆体变形与构造年代——南海盆地北缘早期扩张作用始于华南地块张裂的证据   总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6  

颜丹平  周美夫  王焰  汪昌亮  赵太平 《地球科学》2005,30(4):402-412

南海盆地的扩张经历了早期(中生代晚期至新生代早期)和晚期(32~17Ma)2个快速阶段,但2阶段在时间上相继,在形成机制上也可能是一致的.然而由于南海盆地与周围板块侧向作用的关系复杂,对扩张机制的认识一直极具争议,新的构造分析和测年资料表明“弧后扩张”及“走滑扩张”模式均与事实有出入.对位于华南地块西南缘的都龙SongChay变质穹隆体的研究表明,在中生代至新生代时期,至少经历了2期重要的伸展构造: D₁期(237~228Ma)穹隆的隆升与表露阶段,代表了印支期造山作用前的伸展构造; D₂期(86~78Ma)叠加和改造阶段,并有可能始于176~146Ma,致使穹隆进一步隆升和表露.D₂期构造在发育时间、伸展方向及变形方式等上既与华南地块同时期区域伸展构造特征相一致,也与南海盆地北缘早期扩张特征相一致.因此,作为华南地块的组成部分,南海盆地北缘的早期扩张也是华南中生代晚期至新生代早期伸展构造的构成部分.由此推测,南海盆地扩张的动力学机制可能主要来自于华南地块的板内变形作用,而哀牢山-红河断裂带的左行走滑作用对南海盆地新生代的扩张起到推动和加强作用.   相似文献   

四川木里长枪穹隆石英流体包裹体特征及其地质意义     

刘俊思  阚泽忠  秦华中  曾祥贵 《四川地质学报》2005,25(4):202-207

通过木里长枪构造-热穹隆体砂泥质变质岩及分泌石英脉中较系统的石英流体包裹体测试与研究,表明穹隆体中石英流体包裹体主要有NaCL-H2O、纯H2O及CO2-H2O、纯CO2等四类,有三个形成或捕获阶段,分别与穹隆体变形变质阶段吻合,其所限定的穹隆体变质条件及抬升P-T轨迹与变形-变质演化研究结果基本一致.  相似文献   

川西里伍铜矿黑云母矿物化学特征及成矿指示意义          下载免费PDF全文

邹文  李同柱  管桦  何立夫  张才森 《沉积与特提斯地质》2020,40(1):60-67

为了查明川西里伍铜矿黑云母的成因类型、形成的物理化学条件及成矿指示意义,本文对矿化蚀变带中的黑云母开展了电子探针分析。结果显示黑云母具有高SiO_2(平均34.67%)、Al_2O_3(平均19.20%)、FeO(平均22.45%)、MgO(平均7.96%)、K_2O(平均9.37%)特征,属于铁质黑云母。形成于低的氧逸度、中高温(平均531°C)、较大压力(平均3.99 kbar)与深度(平均深度为15.08 km)的环境。结合前人研究认为,里伍铜矿矿化蚀变带中的黑云母是原生黑云母重结晶改造而成,里伍式富铜矿床与江浪穹窿成穹过程中的变形-变质作用具有成因联系。  相似文献   

西藏错那洞穹窿同构造矽卡岩特征及相关铍钨锡稀有金属矿化的成矿时代     

付建刚  李光明  王根厚  张林奎  梁维  张小琼  焦彦杰  董随亮 《吉林大学学报(地球科学版)》2020,50(5):1304-1322

错那洞穹窿位于北喜马拉雅片麻岩穹窿带（NHGD）的东段,是近年来新发现的穹窿构造。穹窿由内向外依次由核部、滑脱系和盖层三部分组成,错那洞铍钨锡稀有金属矿化主要赋存在穹窿滑脱系的矽卡岩和矽卡岩化大理岩中,矿体产在含石榴子石十字石云母片岩中,与强烈变形的淡色花岗岩或伟晶岩密切相关,部分矽卡岩矿物呈定向排列,具强烈的剪切特征;淡色花岗岩与矽卡岩的接触关系部分呈渐变接触,部分呈突变关系,表明矽卡岩与该期岩浆关系密切,矽卡岩与淡色花岗岩属于同构造的产物。本次研究获得错那洞穹窿滑脱系含石榴子石十字石云母片岩中黑云母Ar-Ar坪年龄为（16.6±0.3）Ma,反等时线年龄为（16.7±0.3）Ma,该年龄代表第二期由南向北伸展构造变形时间,即藏南拆离系（STDS）在错那洞穹窿的活动时间;含白云母的矽卡岩化大理岩中白云母Ar-Ar坪年龄为（16.9±0.2）Ma,与含石榴子石十字石云母片岩中黑云母Ar-Ar年龄一致,代表同构造矽卡岩的形成时间,也是错那洞铍钨锡稀有金属矿床的成矿时间。错那洞铍钨锡稀有金属矿床形成于由藏南拆离系强烈活动引起的伸展减薄构造背景,减压熔融形成的岩浆沿着构造通道上涌侵位,并与围岩交代反应形成同构造矽卡岩及其中的富铍钨锡矽卡岩型矿体。  相似文献   

Tectonic evolution of the Huangling dome and its control effect on shale gas preservation in the north margin of the Yangtze Block,South China     

《China Geology》2020,3(1):28-37

Significant breakthroughs of shale gas exploration have been made in Lower Cambrian and Sinian shale in the north margin of the Yangtze Block, South China. The drill wells with industrial gas flow located in the southern margin of the Huangling dome. Base on the geological survey, 2D seismic, geochronological and drill wells data, the tectonic evolution history of Huangling dome was studied, and its control effect on the preservation condition of shale gas was discussed. The result shows that the Huangling dome might undergo four tectonic stages: (1) About 800 Ma, granite intrusion in the Huangling dome basement, primarily of granites replaced metamorphism rocks; (2) 800–200 Ma, no significant tectonic movement with slowly buried history; (3) From 200 Ma, multi-phase uplift and the sedimentary rocks was eroded in the core of the Huangling dome. Shale gas in the Cambrian and Sinian strata was well preserved in the margin of the Huangling dome as the following reasons: (1) The Sinian shale was buried about 7.8 km in-depth during Middle Jurassic, source rocks have a suitable thermal maturity for shale gas; (2) The rigid basement of the Huangling dome was mainly composed by homogeneity granite, without intensive deformation. As the main challenges of the widely distributed Lower Cambrian and Sinian shale are high-maturity and intensive deformation, a geological unit with a dome probably is a favorable zone for the old age shale gas. Therefore, it indicates that the adjacent zone of the Xuefengshan, Shennongjia and Hannan are the geological units with a dome and probably have potentials for the exploration of shale in the Lower Cambrian and Sinian.  相似文献   

青藏高原东南缘晚渐新世-早中新世中下地壳流动:滇西瑶山与玉龙变质杂岩构造解析     

陈小宇  刘俊来  翁少腾 《岩石学报》2020,36(8):2558-2570

通常认为位于青藏高原东南缘的巽他地块侧向刚性块体挤出调节了印度-欧亚板块碰撞及后碰撞。然而,最近的研究表明,低粘度的中下地壳流动可以解释青藏高原向外扩张的现象。关于哪种机制在巽他地块挤出过程中起着主导作用仍未解决。在本研究中,我们重点围绕哀牢山-红河构造带南部的瑶山杂岩以及构造带北部邻区的玉龙杂岩开展构造研究。详细的宏观构造解析、显微构造以及组构分析说明切向剪切作用在瑶山与玉龙穹隆的形成与剥露中起着重要作用,组成穹窿的岩石均具有分层流变学特点。瑶山穹隆是发育在较深岩石层位的穹隆构造,而玉龙穹隆是发育在较浅岩石层位的穹隆构造。向南或东南切向剪切可能是上地壳向南的重力滑动和粘滞下地壳相对中上地壳向北流动共同作用的结果。前者可能与高原重力塌陷有关,但后者的驱动力有待进一步研究。  相似文献   

阿尔泰Au元素区域地球化学特征研究   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

李万忠  段新力  毕武 《新疆地质》2000,18(1):85-90

１：２０万区域化探由于采样和分析方法的差异,各图幅间数据中存在着明显的系统误差和随机误差,大范围内的资料研究先要进行误差处理,在消除各种误差对Ａｕ元素含量数据影响的基础上,对阿尔泰地区成岩、成矿相关的Ａｕ元素地球化学特征信息进行了初步研究。  相似文献   

Multiple edifice failures, debris avalanches and associated eruptions in the Holocene history of Shiveluch volcano, Kamchatka, Russia     

Alexander Belousov  Marina Belousova  Barry Voight 《Bulletin of Volcanology》1999,61(5):324-342

 Investigation of well-exposed volcaniclastic deposits of Shiveluch volcano indicates that large-scale failures have occurred at least eight times in its history: approximately 10,000, 5700, 3700, 2600, 1600, 1000, 600 ¹⁴C BP and 1964 AD. The volcano was stable during the Late Pleistocene, when a large cone was formed (Old Shiveluch), and became unstable in the Holocene when repetitive collapses of a portion of the edifice (Young Shiveluch) generated debris avalanches. The transition in stability was connected with a change in composition of the erupting magma (increased SiO₂ from ca. 55–56% to 60–62%) that resulted in an abrupt increase of viscosity and the production of lava domes. Each failure was triggered by a disturbance of the volcanic edifice related to the ascent of a new batch of viscous magma. The failures occurred before magma intruded into the upper part of the edifice, suggesting that the trigger mechanism was indirectly associated with magma and involved shaking by a moderate to large volcanic earthquake and/or enhancement of edifice pore pressure due to pressurised juvenile gas. The failures typically included: (a) a retrogressive landslide involving backward rotation of slide blocks; (b) fragmentation of the leading blocks and their transformation into a debris avalanche, while the trailing slide blocks decelerate and soon come to rest; and (c) long-distance runout of the avalanche as a transient wave of debris with yield strength that glides on a thin weak layer of mixed facies developed at the avalanche base. All the failures of Young Shiveluch were immediately followed by explosive eruptions that developed along a similar pattern. The slope failure was the first event, followed by a plinian eruption accompanied by partial fountain collapse and the emplacement of pumice flows. In several cases the slope failure depressurised the hydrothermal system to cause phreatic explosions that preceded the magmatic eruption. The collapse-induced plinian eruptions were moderate-sized and ordinary events in the history of the volcano. No evidence for directed blasts was found associated with any of the slope failures. Received: 28 June 1998 / Accepted: 28 March 1999  相似文献