A Comparison of Conventional and Shear-Rate Dependent Mohr-Coulomb Models for Simulating Landslides   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

LIANG Dong-fang  HE Xu-zhen 《山地科学学报》2014,(6):1478-1490

Landslides may cause many fatalities and heavy economic losses,so it is vital to understand their mechanics so as to take appropriate measures to mitigate their risk.Phenomenally,the loose soil behaves like frictional material in most circumstances,so Mohr-Coulomb type equations are often used to describe their movement.However,these models generally do not consider the influence of the shearrate on the Mohr-Coulomb friction angle,so the shear-rate dependence effect on the soil flow and landslide runout is not well understood.This paper reports on an application of the incompressible Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics（SPH） method to the dynamics of dry granular assemblies.The traditional model with a constant friction angle is compared with the modified Mohr-Coulomb model with a variable friction angle related to the shear-rate.It is found that the shear-rate dependence effect is negligible for shallow granular flows along mild slopes.With steeper slopes of the ground and larger aspect ratios of the initial soil column,the rate-dependence effect becomes more important.  相似文献   

Discontinuous GBSAR deformation monitoring     

《ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing》2014

This paper is focused on deformation monitoring using the Ground-Based SAR (GBSAR) technique and a particular data acquisition configuration, which is called discontinuous GBSAR (D-GBSAR). In the most commonly used GBSAR configuration, the radar is left installed in situ, acquiring data periodically, e.g. every few minutes. Deformations are estimated by processing sets of GBSAR images acquired during several weeks or months, without moving the system. By contrast, in the D-GBSAR the radar is installed and dismounted at each measurement campaign, revisiting a given site periodically. This configuration is useful to monitor slow deformation phenomena. This paper outlines the D-GBSAR data analysis procedure implemented by the authors. This is followed by a discussion of some specific aspects of D-GBSAR monitoring. Two successful examples of D-GBSAR monitoring are discussed: one concerns an urban area, while the second one involves a rural area where the monitoring requires the use of artificial corner reflectors.  相似文献   

Regional Be production rate calibration for the past 12 ka deduced from the radiocarbon-dated Grøtlandsura and Russenes rock avalanches at 69° N, Norway     

Cassandra R. Fenton  Reginald L. Hermanns  Lars H. Blikra  Peter W. Kubik  Charlotte Bryant  Samuel Niedermann  Anette Meixner  Mirjam M. Goethals 《Quaternary Geochronology》2011,6(5):437-452

Two rock avalanches in Troms County – the Grøtlandsura and Russenes – were selected as CRONUS-EU natural cosmogenic ¹⁰Be production-rate calibration sites because they (a) preserve large boulders that have been continuously exposed to cosmic irradiation since their emplacement; (b) contain boulders with abundant quartz phenocrysts and veins with low concentrations of naturally-occurring ⁹Be (typically < 1.5 ppb); and (c) have reliable minimum radiocarbon ages of 11,424 ± 108 cal yr BP and 10,942 ± 77 cal yr BP (1σ), respectively. Quartz samples (n = 6) from these two sites contained between 4.28 × 10⁴ and 5.06 × 10⁴ at ¹⁰Be/g using the 1.387 Myr ¹⁰Be half-life. Determination of these concentrations accounts for topographic and self-shielding, and effects on nuclide production due to isostatic rebound are shown to be negligible. Persistent, constant snow and moss cover cannot be proven, but if taken into consideration they may have reduced ¹⁰Be concentrations by 10%. Using the ¹⁰Be half-life of 1.387 Myr and the Stone scaling scheme, and accounting for snow- and moss-cover, we calculate an error-weighted mean total ¹⁰Be production rate of 4.12 ± 0.19 at/g/yr (1σ). A corresponding error-weighted mean spallogenic ¹⁰Be production rate is 3.96 ± 0.16 at/g/yr (1σ), respectively. These are in agreement within uncertainty with other ¹⁰Be production rates in the literature, but are significantly, statistically lower than the global average ¹⁰Be production rate. This research indicates, like other recent studies, that the production of cosmogenic ¹⁰Be in quartz is lower than previously established by other production-rate calibration projects. Similarly, our findings indicate that regional cosmogenic production rates should be used for determining exposure ages of landforms in order to increase the accuracy of those ages. As such, using the total ¹⁰Be production rate from our study, we determine an error-weighted mean surface-exposure age of a third rock avalanche in Troms County (the Hølen avalanche) to be 7.5 ± 0.3 kyr (1σ). This age suggests that the rock avalanche occurred shortly after the 8.2 kyr cooling event, just as the radiocarbon ages of the Grøtlandsura and Russenes avalanches confirm field evidence that those rock-slope failures occurred shortly after deglaciation.  相似文献   

Characterization of Continental Intercalaire aquifer (CI) in the Tinrhert-East Area-Illizi Basin on the Algerian-Libyan Border     

BELOUANAS Hemza  MENANI Mohamed Redha 《地下水科学与工程》2014,7(2):115-132

This paper addresses the characterization of the Continental Intercalaire aquifer (CI) in the Tinrhert-East area of Illizi Basin on the Algerian-Libyan border, which belongs to the SASS1 system, one of the biggest transboundary aquifers in the world. This study concerns a superficies of 4 300 km2. On the basis of Mud Logging borehole data conducted in this part of the aquifer, a realistic characterization of the aquifer was done. The thickness of the CI aquifer varies from 300 m in the south to 700 m in the north, and the depth ranges from 180 m to 320 m. The interpretation of the logs showed that the aquifer is characterized by a maximum net thickness in its southwestern part (more than 600 m), the porosity is very high, ranging from 30% in the west to 24% at the Libyan borders, the permeability is low to medium around 10-5 m/s, and the maximum transmissivity values of about 8×10-3 m2/s were recorded at the center of the study area. The depth of water varies from 235 m to 312 m, and the water flows from south to north, in accordance with the general direction observed in the CI aquifer in the Northern Sahara Aquifer System (SASS). The porosity values obtained from the interpretation of the sonic and density logs permit to estimate the water reserves of this aquifer considered fossil, at thresholds much higher than what was considered until now.  相似文献   

Objective landslide detection and surface morphology mapping using high-resolution airborne laser altimetry   总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6  

J. McKean  J. Roering 《Geomorphology》2004,57(3-4):331-351

A map of extant slope failures is the most basic element of any landslide assessment. Without an accurate inventory of slope instability, it is not possible to analyze the controls on the spatial and temporal patterns of mass movement or the environmental, human, or geomorphic consequences of slides. Landslide inventory maps are tedious to compile, difficult to make in vegetated terrain using conventional techniques, and tend to be subjective. In addition, most landslide inventories simply outline landslide boundaries and do not offer information about landslide mechanics as manifested by internal deformation features. In an alternative approach, we constructed accurate, high-resolution DEMs from airborne laser altimetry (LIDAR) data to characterize a large landslide complex and surrounding terrain near Christchurch, New Zealand. One-dimensional, circular (2-D) and spherical (3-D) statistics are used to map the local topographic roughness in the DEMs over a spatial scale of 1.5 to 10 m. The bedrock landslide is rougher than adjacent unfailed terrain and any of the statistics can be employed to automatically detect and map the overall slide complex. Furthermore, statistics that include a measure of the local variability of aspect successfully delineate four kinematic units within the gently sloping lower half of the slide. Features with a minimum size of surface folds that have a wavelength of about 11 to 12 m and amplitude of about 1 m are readily mapped. Two adjacent earthflows within the landslide complex are distinguished by a contrast in median roughness, and texture and continuity of roughness elements. The less active of the earthflows has a surface morphology that presumably has been smoothed by surface processes. The Laplacian operator also accurately maps the kinematic units and the folds and longitudinal levees within and at the margins of the units. Finally, two-dimensional power spectra analyses are used to quantify how roughness varies with length scale. These results indicate that no dominant length scale of roughness exists for smooth, unfailed terrain. In contrast, zones with different styles of landslide deformation exhibit distinctive spectral peaks that correspond to the scale of deformation features, such as the compression folds. The topographic-based analyses described here may be used to objectively delineate landslide features, generate mechanical inferences about landslide behavior, and evaluate relatively the recent activity of slides.  相似文献   

A dynamic large deformation finite element method based on mesh regeneration     

《Computers and Geotechnics》2013

In this paper, a large deformation finite element (LDFE) approach termed ‘remeshing and interpolation technique with small strain (RITSS)’ is extended from static to dynamic soil-structure interaction applications. In addition, a technique termed ‘element addition’ is developed to improve the computational efficiency of both static and dynamic LDFE analyses that involve moving boundaries. The RITSS approach is based on frequent mesh generation to avoid element distortion. In dynamic RITSS, the field variables mapped from the old to the new mesh involve not only the stresses and material properties, but also the nodal velocities and accelerations. Using the element addition technique, new soil elements are attached to the domain boundaries periodically when the soil near the boundaries becomes affected by large displacements of the structure. The procedures of this Abaqus-based dynamic LDFE analysis and element addition technique are detailed, and the robustness of the techniques is validated and assessed through three example analyses: penetration of a flat footing into a half-space and movement of rigid and deformable landslides down slopes.  相似文献   

四川省石棉县科落头滑坡形成机理与治理     

赵国鹏 《山东国土资源》2013,29(10)

由自然产生和人类活动引发的滑坡灾害在世界范围内都较普遍,其对人民的生命和财产安全构成了严重威胁,急需对其进行治理。以四川省石棉县新民乡科落头滑坡为例,在分析滑坡形成机理的基础上,进行了设计与施工探讨,为同类滑坡治理提供借鉴。  相似文献   

Probabilistic landslide risk analysis considering direct costs in the area north of Lisbon (Portugal)   总被引：7，自引：1，他引：6  

J.L. Zêzere  R.A.C. Garcia  S.C. Oliveira  E. Reis 《Geomorphology》2008,94(3-4):467

The purpose of the present study is the analysis of landslide risk for roads and buildings in a small test site (20 km²) in the area north of Lisbon (Portugal). For this purpose, an evaluation is performed integrating into a GIS information obtained from multiple sources: (i) landslide hazard; (ii) elements at risk; and (iii) vulnerability. Landslide hazard is assessed on a probabilistic basis for three different types of slope movement (shallow translational slides, translational slides and rotational slides), based on some assumptions such as: (i) the likelihood of future landslide occurrence can be measured through statistical relationships between past landslide distribution and specified spatial data sets considered as landslide predisposing factors; and (ii) the rainfall combination (amount–duration) responsible for past slope instability within the test site will produce the same effects (i.e. same type of landslides and similar total affected area), each time they occur in the future. When the return period of rainfall triggering events is known, different scenarios can be modelled, each one ascribed to a specific return period. Therefore, landslide hazard is quantitatively assessed on a raster basis, and is expressed as the probability for each pixel (25 m²) to be affected by a future landslide, considering a rainfall triggering scenario with a specific return period. Elements at risk within the test site include 2561 buildings and roads amounting to 169 km. Values attributed to elements at risk were defined considering reconstruction costs, following the guidelines of the Portuguese Insurance Institute. Vulnerability is considered as the degree of loss to a given element resulting from the occurrence of a landslide of a given magnitude. Vulnerability depends not only on structural properties of exposed elements, but also on the type of process, and its magnitude; i.e., vulnerability cannot be defined in absolute terms, but only with respect to a specific process (e.g. vulnerability to shallow translational slides). Therefore, vulnerability was classified for the three landslide groups considered on hazard assessment, taking into account: (i) landslide magnitude (mean depth, volume, velocity); (ii) damage levels produced by past landslide events in the study area; and (iii) literature. Finally, a landslide risk analysis considering direct costs was made in an automatic way crossing the following three layers: (i) Probabilistic hazard map for a landslide type Z, considering a particular rainfall triggering scenario whose return period is known; (ii) Vulnerability map (values from 0 to 1) of the exposed elements to landslide type Z; and (iii) Value map of the exposed elements, considering reconstruction costs.  相似文献   

三峡库区滑坡的时空分布特征与成因探讨   总被引：22，自引：7，他引：15  

陈剑  李晓  杨志法 《工程地质学报》2005,13(3):305-309

三峡库区地质灾害频繁发生,地质历史上大型滑坡广泛发育。近年库区滑坡灾害有逐年增加趋势。这些滑坡形成的堆积体成因复杂,不能单纯从传统的外动力或内动力作用来解释,给库区灾害的防治工程带来了很大困难。三峡库区大型古滑坡主要沿长江干流和支流的深切河谷两岸分布,与河流发育演化史密切相关。15万年以来,长江三峡地区经历了新构造期以来抬升速率最快的一次构造幕,山原期夷平面上升了100m,河流强烈下切,形成高陡岸坡,卸荷效应显著;同时,该时期三峡地区的气候受到青藏高原环境变化的影响,在间冰期可能存在相似的暖湿古气候环境,降水极为丰富。三峡库区的大型古滑坡在新构造快速抬升时期广泛发育,并且与暖湿多雨期相对应,表明库区滑坡的发育演化是新构造运动和气候变化内外动力耦合作用的结果。  相似文献   

Morphology and structure of a landslide complex in an active margin setting: The Waitawhiti complex, North Island, New Zealand   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Aurlien Lacoste  Lies Loncke  Frank Chanier  Julien Bailleul  Bruno C. Vendeville  Geoffroy Mahieux 《Geomorphology》2009,109(3-4):184-196

Multi-scale gravitational instabilities are widespread in the Coastal Ranges of the North Island of New Zealand. We document here a detailed analysis of the Waitawhiti landslide complex, located in the core of the Tawhero syncline, and investigate the potential landslides triggering factors in the area. Four contiguous large slides form the Waitawhiti complex. These slides involve fine-grained Miocene sandstones and massive fractured siltstones. Sliding occurs mostly along nearly horizontal strata. All slides are bounded laterally and/or distally by deep-incised valleys. Three gas seeps evidencing thermogenic gas release have been discovered in the vicinity of the slides. We propose that river incision, continuously removing distal buttresses, is the main destabilizing factor in the area. However, additional factors, such as tectonic activity and intense rainfall, cannot be excluded. We also propose that fluid overpressure, reducing the effective shear strength at the base of low-permeability layers, may have influenced the triggering of landslides in the Waitawhiti area.  相似文献