150年来大气甲烷浓度的长期变化     

张仁健 《气象学报》2002,60(5):620-624

应用作者建立的全球二维大气化学模式 ,采用 2种CH4 排放源的长期增长方案 ,同时考虑了CH4 排放源以及对OH自由基浓度有重要影响的CO和NOx 排放源的长期变化 ,模拟了CH4 和OH从 1840～ 2 0 2 0年的长期变化趋势。考虑了世界人口增长的排放源方案可以更好地模拟CH4 的长期变化 ,模拟结果表明 ,工业革命前的大气CH4 浓度和年排放总量分别为 76 0× 10 -9(V/V)和 2 80× 10 9kg ,1991年大气CH4 的浓度和年排放总量分别为16 11.9× 10 -9(V/V)和 5 33 .9× 10 9kg ,对流层OH自由基数浓度从 1840年的 7.17× 10 5分子数 /cm3 下降到 1991年的 5 .79× 10 5分子数 /cm3,降低了 19%。工业革命以来大气CH4 的增长一方面是由于CH4 排放源的增长 ,另一方面是由于大气OH浓度的下降。  相似文献   

Optimization and Modeling of Biogas Production From Green Waste/Biowaste Co‐Digestion Using Leachate and Sludge          下载免费PDF全文

Arwa Abdelhay  Abeer Albsoul  Fatimeh Hadidi  Abeer Abuothman 《洁净——土壤、空气、水》2016,44(11):1557-1563

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Characteristics and Drivers of Methane Fluxes from a Rice Paddy Based on the Flux Measurement     

Chaoqing Song  Wei Liu  Haibo Lu  Wenping Yuan 《地球科学进展》2019,34(11):1141-1151

Rice paddies are an important anthropogenic source of methane (CH₄) to the atmosphere, which aggravate the global warming greatly. CH₄ fluxes from a rice paddy in Central China were continuously measured with the eddy covariance method in 2018. The characteristics, dynamics and drivers of the observed CH₄ fluxes from this paddy field were subsequently analyzed. The results indicated that \mathrm{①} a distinct seasonal variation of daily CH₄ fluxes was found over the whole observed period. Daily CH₄ fluxes were the highest in the vegetative period, then decreased gradually, and became the lowest in the fallow period; \mathrm{②} observed CH₄ fluxes had a clear single-peak diurnal pattern during the vegetative and reproductive periods, and reached daily peaks at about 14:00-16:00. However, no obvious diurnal variation in CH₄ fluxes was observed during the fallow period; \mathrm{③} air temperature was the most important drivers that controlled the seasonal variation of CH₄ fluxes from this paddy field, and Vapor Pressure Deficit (VPD) was also found related to the CH₄ emissions; \mathrm{④} the largest daily CH₄ flux was 0.69 μmol/(m²·s), occurred in the late of vegetative period, and the total amount of CH₄ emissions over the whole observed period was about 28 g C/m².  相似文献   

降温过程对粗砂土中甲烷水合物形成的影响   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4       下载免费PDF全文

蒋观利  吴青柏  蒲毅彬 《地球物理学报》2009,52(9):2387-2393

多孔介质中甲烷水合物的形成和分解研究对于了解自然界多年冻土中的天然气水合物具有重要意义.本文通过3组10次甲烷水合物形成实验,研究了降温过程对粗砂土中甲烷水合物形成的影响.实验结果表明,降温过程对粗砂土中甲烷水合物的形成过程有较大的影响,在反应釜内温度降到0 ℃之前约90%的甲烷水合物已经形成,且降温速率越慢,水转化为甲烷水合物的转化率越高.0 ℃以下冻结过程对甲烷水合物的形成基本没有影响,但在冻结土体开始融化时发现有水合物二次生成的现象.  相似文献   

Geochemical characterization and methane adsorption capacity of overmature organic-rich Lower Cambrian shales in northeast Guizhou region,southwest China     

《Marine and Petroleum Geology》2017

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Laboratory experiment and numerical simulation on authigenic mineral formation induced by seabed methane seeps     

《Marine and Petroleum Geology》2017

In natural gas hydrate marine settings, cold seepage of methane fluid is a widely observed phenomenon, where authigenic minerals serve as an indication of potential gas hydrate-bearing reservoirs at depth. In this study, based on the data from the site HD196 near Dongsha Island, northern continental slope of South China Sea, laboratory experiments and numerical simulation studies were conducted to investigate the biogeochemical processes of authigenic mineral formation induced by methane seepage. The bioreactor experimental results show that in response to methane flux, pH increased to 8.5 after 20 days of reaction, and Eh declined rapidly first and then remained unchanged at about 100 mV. The decrease in SO₄²⁻, HS⁻ and HCO₃⁻ concentrations indicated the occurrence of anaerobic oxidation of methane coupled with sulfate reduction (AOM-SR). The depletion of Fe²⁺ implied the formation of iron-bearing minerals, e.g., iron sulfides. Carbonate minerals were also identified in the experimental phase of this study. Most iron sulfides existed as massive pieces, and in some cases as spherical or rod-shape pieces. The calcium carbonates were observed as blocky pieces. Numerical simulations were also performed to reproduce the biogeochemical reactions that occurred in the reactor experiments. Based on experimental data, kinetic parameters associated with the observed reactions were calibrated. The model simulated results are general consistent with those obtained by the experiments conducted in this study. The combination of simulation and experimental studies provided a powerful tool to investigate the biogeochemical processes in the methane leakage environment at different temporal and spatial scales. This study gave a new perspective to understand the formation of cold seep authigenic minerals in marine sediments, and was significant for future investigations on the effects of hydrate decomposition.  相似文献   

Natural groundwater of a gas field utilizable for a bioremediation of trichloroethylene-contamination   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Mio?TakeuchiEmail author  Kenji?Nanba  Ken?Furuya  Hisashi?Nirei  Mitsuo?Yoshida 《Environmental Geology》2004,45(7):891-898

Groundwater from a shallow aquifer in Mobara, a city in a natural gas field in Chiba Prefecture, Japan, was found to contain a significant amount of dissolved methane (<3.1 mM) along with nitrate, phosphate and methane-oxidizing bacteria (methanotrophs, <9.9×10⁶ MPN ml^–1) which can degrade trichloroethylene (TCE). This water exhibited high methanotroph growth activity and rapid degradation of TCE. This water was introduced into a TCE-contaminated aquifer. The concentration of TCE at the monitoring well 2 m down-gradient of the injection pit decreased from 128 g L^–1 before the injection to less than the lower detection limit of 12.5 g L^–1 after the injection, while it decreased only slightly (to 86 g L^–1) when control water was injected. These results demonstrate the feasibility of utilizing a natural groundwater resource containing methane and methanotrophs without any additives for bioremediation of a TCE-contaminated site.  相似文献   

Modeling nitrogen–carbon cycling and oxygen consumption in bottom sediments     

Mohamed M. Hantush 《Advances in water resources》2007

A model framework is presented for simulating nitrogen and carbon cycling at the sediment–water interface, and predicting oxygen consumption by oxidation reactions inside the sediments. Based on conservation of mass and invoking simplifying assumptions, a coupled system of diffusive–reactive partial differential equations is formulated for two-layer conceptual model of aerobic–anaerobic sediments. Oxidation reactions are modeled as first-order rate processes and nitrate is assumed to be consumed entirely in the anoxic portion of the sediments. The sediments are delineated into a thin oxygenated surface layer whose thickness is equal to the oxygen penetration depth, and a lower, but much thicker anoxic layer. The sediments are separated from the overlying water column by a relatively thin boundary layer through which mass transfer is diffusion controlled. Transient solutions are derived using the method of Laplace transform and Green’s function, which relate pore-water concentrations of the constituents to their concentrations in the bulk water and to the flux of decomposable settling organic matter. Steady-state pore-water concentrations are also obtained including expressions for the extent of methane saturation zone and methane gas flux. A relationship relating the sediment oxygen demand (SOD) to bulk water oxygen is derived using the two-film concept, which in combination with the depth-integrated solutions forms the basis for predicting the extent of oxygen penetration in the sediment. Iterative procedure and simplification thereof are proposed to estimate the extent of methane saturation zone and thickness of the aerobic layer as functions of time. Sensitivity of steady-state solutions to key parameters illustrates sediment processes interactions and synergistic effects. Simulations indicate that for a relatively thin diffusive boundary layer, d, oxygen uptake is limited by biochemical processes inside the sediments, whereas for a thick boundary layer oxygen transfer through the diffusive boundary layer is limiting. The results show an almost linear relationship between steady-state sediment oxygen demand and bulk water oxygen. For small d methane and nitrogen fluxes are sediment controlled, whereas for large d they are controlled by diffusional transfer through the boundary layer. It is shown that the two-layer model solution converges to the one-layer model (anaerobic layer) solution as the thickness of the oxygenated layer approaches zero, and that the transient solutions approach asymptotically their corresponding steady-state solutions.  相似文献   

Preliminary results of environmental monitoring of the natural gas hydrate production test in the South China Sea     

《China Geology》2018,1(2):202-209

Natural gas hydrate (NGH) is considered as one of the new clean energy sources of the 21st century with the highest potential. The environmental issues of NGH production have attracted the close attention of scientists in various countries. From May 10 to July 9, 2017, the first offshore NGH production test in the South China Sea (SCS) was conducted by the China Geological Survey. In addition, environmental security has also been effectively guaranteed via a comprehensive environmental monitoring system built during the NGH production test. The monitoring system considered sea-surface atmosphere methane and carbon dioxide concentrations, dissolved methane in the sea water column, and the seafloor physical oceanography and marine chemistry environment. The whole process was monitored via multiple means, in multiple layers, in all domains, and in real time. After the production test, an environmental investigation was promptly conducted to evaluate the environmental impact of the NGH production test. The monitoring results showed that the dissolved methane concentration in seawater and the near-seabed environment characteristics after the test were consistent with the background values, indicating that the NGH production test did not cause environmental problems such as methane leakage.  相似文献   

The origin of sub-surface source waters define the sea–air flux of methane in the Mauritanian Upwelling,NW Africa     

《Dynamics of Atmospheres and Oceans》2014

Concentrations and flux densities of methane were determined during a Lagrangian study of an advective filament in the permanent upwelling region off western Mauritania. Newly upwelled waters were dominated by the presence of North Atlantic Central Water and surface CH₄ concentrations of 2.2 ± 0.3 nmol L⁻¹ were largely in equilibrium with atmospheric values, with surface saturations of 101.7 ± 14%. As the upwelling filament aged and was advected offshore, CH₄ enriched South Atlantic Central Water from intermediate depths of 100–350 m was entrained into the surface mixed layer of the filament following intense mixing associated with the shelf break. Surface saturations increased to 198.9 ± 15% and flux densities increased from a mean value over the shelf of 2.0 ± 1.1 μmol m⁻² d⁻¹ to a maximum of 22.6 μmol m⁻² d⁻¹. Annual CH₄ emissions for this persistent filament were estimated at 0.77 ± 0.64 Gg which equates to a maximum of 0.35% of the global oceanic budget. This raises the known outgassing intensity of this area and highlights the importance of advecting filaments from upwelling waters as efficient vehicles for air-sea exchange.  相似文献