Interactions of uranium with bacteria and kaolinite clay     

Toshihiko Ohnuki  Takahiro Yoshida  Takuo Ozaki  Mohamad Samadfam  Naofumi Kozai  Kunio Yubuta  Toshiaki Mitsugashira  Takeshi Kasama  Arokiasamy J. Francis 《Chemical Geology》2005,220(3-4):237-243

We assessed the accumulation of uranium (VI) by a bacterium, Bacillus subtilis, suspended in a slurry of kaolinite clay, to elucidate the role of microbes on the mobility of U(VI). Various mixtures of bacteria and the koalinite were exposed to solutions of 8 × 10^− 6 M- and 4 × 10^− 4 M-U(VI) in 0.01 M NaCl at pH 4.7. After 48 h, the mixtures were separated from the solutions by centrifugation, and treated with a 1 M CH₃COOK for 24 h to determine the associations of U within the mixture. The mixture exposed to 4 × 10^− 4 M U was analyzed by transmission electron microscope (TEM) equipped with EDS. The accumulation of U by the mixture increased with an increase in the amount of B. subtilis cells present at both U concentrations. Treatment of kaolinite with CH₃COOK, removed approximately 80% of the associated uranium. However, in the presence of B. subtilis the amount of U removed was much less. TEM–EDS analysis confirmed that most of the U removed from solution was associated with B. subtilis. XANES analysis of the oxidation state of uranium associated with B. subtilis, kaolinite, and with the mixture containing both revealed that it was present as U(VI). These results suggest that the bacteria have a higher affinity for U than the kaolinite clay mineral under the experimental conditions tested, and that they can immobilize significant amount of uranium.  相似文献   

Effective porosity and specific yield of a sedimentary rock determined by a field tracing test using tritium as a tracer     

H. Ii  Y. Ohtsuka  N. Mori  T. Inagaki  S. Misawa 《Environmental Geology》1996,27(3):170-177

Effective porosity value was analyzed from the tritium concentration of sampled groundwater using a three-dimensional groundwater-flow and advection-dispersion code based on the finite element method. The effective porosity value was about 10%. Porosity values measured from core samples were 7–15%. The groundwater flow velocity estimated from the tritium concentrations was about 1 × 10^–5 cm s^–1. Therefore, during the low groundwater flow velocity condition, effective porosity and porosity values were the same. At the same test site, a 0.48% effective porosity value, determined by another tracer test injecting Br^– solution into the aquifer during groundwater level change, was smaller than the porosity value when the flow velocity was 1.8×10^–2 cm s^–1. Thus the effective porosity value is concluded to be due to groundwater flow velocity. The specific yield value was calculated to be 0.6% by the total volume of tunnel seepage water and the total volume of the rock unsaturated during tunnel construction. However, as pore water continued to be drained after the groundwater level change was completed, the specific yield value became larger than 0.6%. Thus specific yield value is concluded to be due to drainage time.  相似文献   

施甸5级震群前中短-短临的地震活动参数动态演化          下载免费PDF全文

李永莉  蔡静观  刘丽芳  张俊伟 《地震工程学报》2003,25(2):158-165

通过2001年施甸5级震群前地震学各项参数异常的动态追踪，研究了中强地震孕育、发生的中短—短临的演化过程。结果表明：在云南地区出现b值、小震调制比、波速比等地震活动性参数异常以及中强地震的有规律迁移的中期异常背景上，出现了孕震区的频度、b值、应变加速等群体中短异常，以及云南省内的3、4级地震连续增频、3级日频次异常和显的3、4级地震平静的短临异常。特别是3、4级地震异常平静，标志了明显的临震信息，并初步探讨了中强地震连续发生中如何识别单个地震的震兆问题。  相似文献   

求解波动方程的任意差分精细积分法   总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5  

贾晓峰  王润秋  胡天跃 《中国地震》2003,19(3):236-242

在地震偏移成像技术中，常常要反向外推波场，因此涉及到波动方程的数值求解问题。本文提出了一种求解偏微分方程的新的半解析方法——任意差分精细积分(ADPI)法。其大体思路是：空间域上作坐标离散，但不采用古典差分法的等分离散方式，而是一种相对自由的、任意的离散法；时间域上则采用子域精细积分的方法，既保留了精细积分法的高精度，又克服了工作量大、占用存储大等缺点。该方法具有精度高、带宽小、稳定性好等多项突出优点，并且可以灵括处理各类边界条件。本文从简单一维、较普遍一维、以及二维3种情形讨论该方法对波动方程的具体应用，结合实际的算例，详细分析了各种算法的可行性和精度特点。  相似文献   

Scenarios for the Future Population of Sydney     

Peter McDonald  Rebecca Kippen 《The Australian geographer》2002,33(3):263-280

The period 1996-2001 has witnessed a refocusing of population growth on Sydney and Melbourne as both cities have developed significant concentrations of so-called 'new economy' jobs and taken on, to greater or lesser extents, the characteristics of global cities. The consequence of these trends, for Sydney most particularly, is population growth. This paper establishes this demographic reality by describing recent demographic trends in Sydney and possible future scenarios for Sydney's population, given differing levels of fertility, internal migration and international migration. A related future trend is also traced--that the number of households in Sydney will grow more rapidly than the population due to changes in household structure. This raises the issue of how and where these households will be accommodated, given the relative land shortage in the Sydney Statistical Division and given that there is no doubt that planners in New South Wales will be attempting to maintain and enhance Sydney's status as a global city. In sum, the paper argues that Sydney planners should be preparing for growth of around one million people in the next 20 years and a further one million in the following 30 years. To maintain that potential future residents of Sydney can be redirected to other parts of New South Wales is a vain hope.  相似文献   

Biological processes and links to the physics     

Hans-Harald Hinrichsen   《Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography》2009,56(21-22):1968

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20世纪90年代以来非洲城市化的特点和动因   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

张增玲  甄峰  刘慧 《热带地理》2007,27(5):455-460

一般来说,持续的经济发展和城市化是相伴发生的,但是在非洲,城市化进程并没有带来相应的经济发展,非洲的快速城市化主要是由大量农村人口向城市的盲目流动导致的。文中主要针对非洲快速城市化和经济发展不同步的独特现象,具体分析了导致农村人口向城市迁移的主要原因,并总结出其对中国城市化进程的启示。  相似文献   

核磁共振成像技术定量分析粘土矿物对油气二次运移过程的影响          下载免费PDF全文

周波  罗晓容王毅 《地质论评》2007,53(5):704-707730

本文利用核磁共振成像技术定量分析油气运移含油饱和度变化,首次获得了玻璃珠孔隙介质中粘土矿物（伊利石）含量变化时油饱和度变化的规律,通过对实验数据的总结,得到以下结论：①油气运移通道具有不均一性,但随着粘土含量的增加,油气运移通道上残余油饱和度增加,初始部分（指实验中油未发生运移时油占据的部分）残余油的含油饱和度亦增加;②由于初始部分残余油饱和度和运移通道上的残余油饱和度都变大。因此,粘土矿物的存在,使得残余油饱和度增加,最终降低了油气聚集的效率,不利于油气运移聚集。  相似文献   

傅里叶有限差分法保幅叠前深度偏移方法   总被引：23，自引：5，他引：23       下载免费PDF全文

刘定进  印兴耀 《地球物理学报》2007,50(1):168-276

地震数据中饱含有丰富的走时信息和振幅信息. 为解决传统偏移方法中几何扩散和入射角变化引起的振幅误差问题，本文提出了一种实用的波动方程保幅地震偏移方法. 该方法从全声波方程出发进行单程波保幅分解，得到直观、高效率的直接面对地震波传播波场的压力分量进行延拓的保幅偏移单程波方程，进而推导出一个含有6项的傅里叶有限差分法保幅偏移的算子方程；修改边界条件和成像条件，使修改后的边界条件和成像方程中考虑振幅补偿，从而从三方面补偿几何扩散损失和入射角变化对振幅的影响. 脉冲响应测试、单炮记录的数值试验以及SEG/EAGE盐丘模型的叠前偏移结果表明，该方法不但可以使散射能量聚焦、归位，提高成像精度；而且可以输出正确反映地下反射系数的振幅信息，为后续的地震属性分析(如AVO/AVA)提供更真实的地震信息.  相似文献   

中国西部及邻区强震迁移规律与喜马拉雅弧关系研究   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

李永林  高旭 《地震》2000,20(3):37-42

在数值模拟的基础上,系统分析研究了中国西部及邻区强震活动的迁移规律,结果表明,印度板块与欧亚板块的碰撞作用控制着中国西部强震活动。 喜马拉雅东部弧顶（缅甸弧顶） 、西部弧顶（兴都库什弧顶） 及喜马拉雅弧中段的强震活动与内陆的强震活动存在密切的联系,与内陆强震活跃期、平静期的存在及强震迁移规律都有重要关系。  相似文献