Predicting sediment inputs to aquatic ecosystems across England and Wales under current environmental conditions     

A.L. Collins  S.G. Anthony 《Applied geography (Sevenoaks, England)》2008,28(4):281-294

The awareness of water quality issues has never been higher. As part of its continuing strategic diffuse pollution policy support, ADAS recently undertook to identify catchments across England and Wales that could potentially fail recently proposed suspended sediment yield targets under current environmental conditions. The total suspended sediment loads (SSL) delivered to all rivers were assumed to comprise contributions from diffuse sources in the agricultural and urban sectors, as well as from eroding channel banks and point sources represented by sewage treatment works (STWs). Diffuse agricultural sediment loss to rivers was predicted using the PSYCHIC model. Corresponding inputs from diffuse urban sources were estimated on the basis of an Event Mean Concentration (EMC) methodology. Channel bank sediment inputs were calculated using a prototype national scale model, while point source sediment contributions were based on a register of consented effluent discharges. Modelled SSL were validated (r²=68%) against PARCOM data (1999–2003) for the delivery of sediment to different regions of the UK maritime area. The results of the validation were considered to be realistic for a national scale predictor. The modelling exercise suggested that those catchments currently at risk of exceeding proposed suspended sediment yield critical thresholds are largely confined to upland areas across Wales and northwest England and the chalklands of southern and eastern England.  相似文献   

Evaluation and Optimization of a Novel Immobilized Photoreactor for the Degradation of Gaseous Toluene          下载免费PDF全文

Morteza Jafarikojour  Morteza Sohrabi  Sayed Javid Royaee  Armineh Hassanvand 《洁净——土壤、空气、水》2015,43(5):662-670

  相似文献   

Moveout approximation for horizontal transversely isotropic and vertical transversely isotropic layered medium. Part I: 1D ray propagation‡     

Igor Ravve  Zvi Koren 《Geophysical Prospecting》2010,58(4):577-597

Anisotropy in subsurface geological models is primarily caused by two factors: sedimentation in shale/sand layers and fractures. The sedimentation factor is mainly modelled by vertical transverse isotropy (VTI), whereas the fractures are modelled by a horizontal transversely isotropic medium (HTI). In this paper we study hyperbolic and non‐hyperbolic normal reflection moveout for a package of HTI/VTI layers, considering arbitrary azimuthal orientation of the symmetry axis at each HTI layer. We consider a local 1D medium, whose properties change vertically, with flat interfaces between the layers. In this case, the horizontal slowness is preserved; thus, the azimuth of the phase velocity is the same for all layers of the package. In general, however, the azimuth of the ray velocity differs from the azimuth of the phase velocity. The ray azimuth depends on the layer properties and may be different for each layer. In this case, the use of the Dix equation requires projection of the moveout velocity of each layer on the phase plane. We derive an accurate equation for hyperbolic and high‐order terms of the normal moveout, relating the traveltime to the surface offset, or alternatively, to the subsurface reflection angle. We relate the azimuth of the surface offset to its magnitude (or to the reflection angle), considering short and long offsets. We compare the derived approximations with analytical ray tracing.  相似文献   

Modelling ice conditions in the easternmost Gulf of Finland in the Baltic Sea     

Vladimir Ryabchenko  Anton Dvornikov  Jari Haapala  Kai Myrberg 《Continental Shelf Research》2010

To model ice conditions in the eastern Gulf of Finland, a high-resolution three-dimensional hydrodynamic model is coupled with the advanced sea-ice model HELMI (Haapala et al., 2005). To test the model in extreme situations, the ice pattern in the eastern Gulf of Finland was simulated for a mild ice winter (2007–2008) and for a moderate one (2003–2004). The reference runs were performed on the assumption that the ice in the model domain is fast ice if the sea depth is less than 10 m. Using this assumption, the ice thickness averaged over the Neva Bay (the easternmost part of the Gulf of Finland) is overestimated by the model for almost the entire wintertime in the mild winter and during the ice formation and melting periods in the moderate winter, as compared with the thickness reported in ice charts.  相似文献   

Implementing a new data model for simulating processes     

F. Reitsma  J. Albrecht 《International journal of geographical information science》2013,27(10):1073-1090

The paper describes the development of a new methodological approach for simulating geographic processes through the development of a data model that represents a process. This methodology complements existing approaches to dynamic modelling, which focus on the states of the system at each time step, by storing and representing the processes that are implicit in the model. The data model, called nen, focuses existing modelling approaches on representing and storing process information, which provides advantages for querying and analysing processes. The flux simulation framework was created utilizing the nen data model to represent processes. This simulator includes basic classes for developing a domain specific simulation and a set of query tools for inquiring after the results of a simulation. The methodology is prototyped with a watershed runoff simulation.  相似文献   

Seismic driven probabilistic classification of reservoir facies for static reservoir modelling: a case history in the Barents Sea   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Dario Grana  Enrico Paparozzi  Silvia Mancini  Cristiano Tarchiani 《Geophysical Prospecting》2013,61(3):613-629

In this paper we present a case history of seismic reservoir characterization where we estimate the probability of facies from seismic data and simulate a set of reservoir models honouring seismically‐derived probabilistic information. In appraisal and development phases, seismic data have a key role in reservoir characterization and static reservoir modelling, as in most of the cases seismic data are the only information available far away from the wells. However seismic data do not provide any direct measurements of reservoir properties, which have then to be estimated as a solution of a joint inverse problem. For this reason, we show the application of a complete workflow for static reservoir modelling where seismic data are integrated to derive probability volumes of facies and reservoir properties to condition reservoir geostatistical simulations. The studied case is a clastic reservoir in the Barents Sea, where a complete data set of well logs from five wells and a set of partial‐stacked seismic data are available. The multi‐property workflow is based on seismic inversion, petrophysics and rock physics modelling. In particular, log‐facies are defined on the basis of sedimentological information, petrophysical properties and also their elastic response. The link between petrophysical and elastic attributes is preserved by introducing a rock‐physics model in the inversion methodology. Finally, the uncertainty in the reservoir model is represented by multiple geostatistical realizations. The main result of this workflow is a set of facies realizations and associated rock properties that honour, within a fixed tolerance, seismic and well log data and assess the uncertainty associated with reservoir modelling.  相似文献   

The marine controlled source electromagnetic response of a steel borehole casing: applications for the NEPTUNE Canada gas hydrate observatory   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Andrei Swidinsky  R. Nigel Edwards  Marion Jegen 《Geophysical Prospecting》2013,61(4):842-856

Gas hydrates are a potential energy resource, a possible factor in climate change and an exploration geohazard. The University of Toronto has deployed a permanent seafloor time‐domain controlled source electromagnetic (CSEM) system offshore Vancouver Island, within the framework of the NEPTUNE Canada underwater cabled observatory. Hydrates are known to be present in the area and due to their electrically resistive nature can be monitored by 5 permanent electric field receivers. However, two cased boreholes may be drilled near the CSEM site in the near future. To understand any potential distortions of the electric fields due to the metal, we model the marine electromagnetic response of a conductive steel borehole casing. First, we consider the commonly used canonical model consisting of a 100 Ωm, 100 m thick resistive hydrocarbon layer embedded at a depth of 1000 m in a 1 Ωm conductive host medium, with the addition of a typical steel production casing extending from the seafloor to the resistive zone. Results show that in both the frequency and time domains the distortion produced by the casing occurs at smaller transmitter‐receiver offsets than the offsets required to detect the resistive layer. Second, we consider the experimentally determined model of the offshore Vancouver Island hydrate zone, consisting of a 5.5 Ωm, 36 m thick hydrate layer overlying a 0.7 Ωm sedimentary half‐space, with the addition of two borehole casings extending 300 m into the seafloor. In this case, results show that the distortion produced by casings located within a 100 m safety zone of the CSEM system will be measured at 4 of the 5 receivers. We conclude that the boreholes must be positioned at least 200 m away from the CSEM array so as to minimize the effects of the casings.  相似文献   

Modélisation directe et inverse de l'écoulement souterrain dans les milieux poreux     

《水文科学杂志》2013,58(2):327-337

Résumé

Le présent article montre l'intérêt des simulations mathématiques dans la compréhension des aquifères complexes et hétérogènes. Le réservoir côtier du Maroc occidental est un exemple qui traduit une répartition spatiale des corps perméables et imperméables, d'où la nécessité d'approfondir la connaissance de son fonctionnement hydrogéologique en termes de modélisation numérique. Le modèle hydrodynamique proposé repose sur la résolution du problème direct et inverse. La simulation de l'écoulement (problème direct) en régime permanent a montré la persistance de grands écarts entre la piézométrie mesurée et calculée. Cette anomalie de calage est expliquée principalement par le caractère hétérogène et fissuré, incompatible avec la dérivation de l'équation de diffusivité qui présuppose un milieu continu et un régime laminaire plutôt que turbulent. Deux cartes principales ont été obtenues: (a) une carte des polygones de la conductivité hydraulique dont les valeurs varient entre 50 × 10^?4 et 80 × 10^?4 m/s; et (b) une carte des polygones de recharge avec des valeurs comprises entre 4.5 × 10^?9 et 5 × 10^?14 m/s. Le calage du modèle d'écoulement recherché dans la résolution du problème inverse consiste à identifier les paramètres de l'aquifère à partir de la piézométrie connue. Le code d'inversion PEST (Parameter ESTimation) a été utilisé pour créer des cartes montrant des polygones de la conductivité hydraulique et de la recharge avec des valeurs très similaires aux résultats du modèle conceptuel.  相似文献   

基于工程哲学视角的测绘卓越工程师综合素质的培养     

王文福 《测绘科学》2013,38(1):180-182

工程哲学是对工程的反思和工程造物的思辨,从而对工程造物的主体——工程师的素质提出了反身诉求。基于工程哲学的视角审视工程师的培养,反思工程教育则具有现实意义。文章结合我国测绘工程师培养现状,以落实"卓越工程师培养计划"作为人才培养的节点,从工程哲学的层面厘清了测绘卓越工程师应具备的综合素质及其培养途径,为工程教育改革和应用型创新人才的培养展现了新思路。  相似文献   

Pleistocene alkaline rocks of Martin Vaz volcano,South Atlantic: low-degree partial melts of a CO2-metasomatized mantle plume     

《International Geology Review》2012,54(3):296-313

ABSTRACT

Several alkaline massifs on inland southeastern Brazil extend offshore, roughly parallel to ~20° S, through a seamount chain of the Vitoria-Trindade ridge. This paper presents the first extensive work on the Martin Vaz volcano through whole-rock and Sr and Nd isotopic composition of volcanic and subvolcanic lithotypes from the Martin Vaz Island, located at the easternmost of this volcanic chain. These alkaline rocks were generated during the Plio-Pleistocene (~0.47 My, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar dating in whole-rock) and represent the crystallization of sodic magmas of nephelinitic composition that evolved through fractional crystallization towards phonolites. Calculations from P–T_Liquidus using PELE software show temperatures of 1045°C and 818°C, viscosity of 2.47 log Poise and 5.02 log Poise, and densities of 2.57 g/cm³ and 2.26 g/cm³ for nephelinite and phonolite, respectively. Like in Trindade Island, the nephelinitic volcanism in Martin Vaz may represent a Strombolian and/or Hawaii-type eruption due to low viscosity magma according to its physical properties whereas phonolitic intrusions present higher viscosity characteristics forming lava domes. The ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr (~ 0.703800) and ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd (~ 0.512750) ratios of lavas from the seamounts and Martin Vaz do not vary significantly, pointing to partial melting process from a homogeneous mantle source showing isotope signature close to HIMU. Beside the restrict variation on these isotopic ratios, a conspicuous enrichment in incompatible trace elements, mainly LREE, indicates that metasomatism is a recent process and not a long-term source characteristic. Non-modal partial melting models (fractional melting and batch melting) suggest that the source of the Martin Vaz magmatism is consistent with the garnet-lherzolite mantle stability field (>90 km depth; Tb/Yb >0.7), generated about 3.0 GPa by very small degree of partial melting of an enriched wet mantle source (F = 0.03–0.04) with 2.5 wt. % of CO₂.  相似文献