Organic litter: dominance over stones as a source of interrill flow roughness on low‐gradient desert slopes at Fowlers Gap,arid western NSW,Australia     

David Dunkerley 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2003,28(1):15-29

Thirty‐six runoff plot experiments provide data on flow depths, speeds, and Darcy–Weisbach friction coefficients (f) on bare soil surfaces, and surfaces to which were added sufficient extra plant litter or surface stones to provide projected cover of 5, 10 and 20 per cent. Precision flow depth data were derived with a computer‐controlled gantry and needle gauge for two different discharges for each plot treatment. Taking a fixed flow intensity (Reynolds number, Re = 150) for purposes of comparison shows means of f = 17·7 for bare soil surfaces, f = 11·4 for added stone treatments, and f = 23·8 for added litter treatments. Many individual values of f for stone treatments are lower than for the bare soil surface, but all litter treatments show increases in fcompared to bare soil. The lowering of f in stone treatments relates to the submerged volume that the stones occupied, and the associated concentration of flow onto a smaller part of the plot surface. This leads to locally higher flow intensities and lower frictional drag along threads of flow that the obstacles create. Litter causes higher frictional drag because the particles are smaller, and, for the same cover fraction, are 100 times more numerous and provide 20 times the edge or perimeter length. Along these edges, which in total exceed 2·5 m g^?1 (equivalent to 500 m m^?2 for a loading of 2 t ha^?1), surface tension draws up water from between the litter particles. This reduces flow depth there, and as a consequence of the lower flow intensity, frictional drag rises. Furthermore, no clear passage remains for the establishment of flow threads. These findings apply to shallow interrill flows in which litter is largely immobile. The key new result from these experiments is that under these conditions, a 20 per cent cover of organic litter can generate interrill frictional retardation that exceeds by nearly 41 per cent that of a bare soil surface, and twice that contributed by the same cover fraction of surface stones. Even greater dominance by litter can be anticipated at the many dryland sites where litter covers exceed those tested here. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

基于信息块法的矢量符号库的建立和符号化实现   总被引：3，自引：1，他引：3  

吴丽春  胡鹏 《武汉大学学报(信息科学版)》2003,28(5):600-603

基于试验成果，详细介绍了基于信息块法的矢量地图符号库的建立和空间信息的符号化。  相似文献   

Changes in Global Monsoon Circulations Since 1950   总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6  

Chase  T. N.  Knaff  J. A.  Pielke  R. A.  Kalnay  E. 《Natural Hazards》2003,29(2):229-254

We examined changes in several independent intensity indices of four majortropical monsoonal circulations for the period 1950–1998. Theseintensity indices included observed land surface precipitation andobserved ocean surface pressure in the monsoon regions aswell as upper-level divergence calculated at severalstandard levels from the NCAR/NCEP reanalysis. These values wereaveraged seasonally over appropriate regions of southeastern Asian, western Africa, eastern Africa and the Australia/Maritime continent and adjacent ocean areas. Asa consistency check we also examined two secondary indices: mean sea level pressure trends and low level convergence both from theNCEP reanalysis.We find that in each of the four regions examined, a consistentpicture emerges indicating significantly diminished monsoonalcirculations over the period of record, evidence of diminished spatialmaxima in the global hydrological cycle since 1950. Trends since 1979,the period of strongest reported surface warming, do not indicate any change inmonsoon circulations. When strong ENSO years are removed from each of the time series the trends still show a general, significant reduction of monsoon intensity indicating that ENSO variability is not the direct cause for the observed weakening.Most previously reported model simulations of theeffects of rising CO₂ show an increase in monsoonal activity withrising global surface temperature. We find no support in these datafor an increasing hydrological cycle or increasing extremes as hypothesized bygreenhouse warming scenarios.  相似文献   

Chemical, Isotopic, and Fluid Inclusion Evidence for the Hydrothermal Alteration of the Footwall Rocks of the BIF-Hosted Iron Ore Deposits in the Hamersley District, Western Australia     

Makoto Haruna    Takahiro Hanamuro    Kaoru Uyeda    Hirokazu Fujimaki  Hiroshi Ohmoto 《Resource Geology》2003,53(2):75-88

Abstract. The petrography, chemical, fluid inclusion and isotope analyses (O, Rb-Sr) were conducted for the shale samples of the Mount McRae Shale collected from the Tom Price, Newman, and Paraburdoo mines in the Hamersley Basin, Western Australia. The Mount McRae Shale at these mines occurs as a footwall unit of the secondary, hematite-rich iron ores derived from the Brockman Iron Formation, one of the largest banded iron formations (BIFs) in the world. Unusually low contents of Na, Ca, and Sr in the shales suggest that these elements were leached away from the shale after deposition. The δ¹⁸O (SMOW) values fall in the range of + 15.0 to +17.9 per mil and show the positive correlation with calculated quartz/sericite ratios of the shale samples. This suggests that the oxygen isotopic compositions of shale samples were homogenized and equilibrated by postdepositional event. The pyrite nodules hosted by shales are often rimmed by thin layers of silica of varying crystallinity. Fluid inclusions in quartz crystals rimming a pyrite nodule show homogenization temperatures ranging from 100 to 240C for 47 inclusions and salinities ranging from 0.4 to 12.3 wt% NaCl equivalent for 18 inclusions. These fluid inclusion data give direct evidence for the hydrothermal activity and are comparable to those of the vein quartz collected from the BIF-derived secondary iron ores (Taylor et al, 2001). The Rb-Sr age for the Mount McRae Shale is 1,952 ± 289 Ma and at least 200 million years younger than the depositional age of the Brockman Iron Formation of ∼ 2.5 Ga in age. All the data obtained in this study are consistent with the suggestion that high temperature hydrothermal fluids were responsible for both the secondary iron ore formation and the alteration of the Mount McRae Shale.  相似文献   

Paleozoic terranes of eastern Australia and the drift history of Gondwana     

Michael W. McElhinny  Chris McA. Powell  Sergei A. Pisarevsky 《Tectonophysics》2003,362(1-4):41-65

Critical assessment of Paleozoic paleomagnetic results from Australia shows that paleopoles from locations on the main craton and in the various terranes of the Tasman Fold Belt of eastern Australia follow the same path since 400 Ma for the Lachlan and Thomson superterranes, but not until 250 Ma or younger for the New England superterrane. Most of the paleopoles from the Tasman Fold Belt are derived from the Lolworth-Ravenswood terrane of the Thomson superterrane and the Molong-Monaro terrane of the Lachlan superterrane. Consideration of the paleomagnetic data and geological constraints suggests that these terranes were amalgamated with cratonic Australia by the late Early Devonian. The Lolworth-Ravenswood terrane is interpreted to have undergone a 90° clockwise rotation between 425 and 380 Ma. Although the Tamworth terrane of the western New England superterrane is thought to have amalgamated with the Lachlan superterrane by the Late Carboniferous, geological syntheses suggest that movements between these regions may have persisted until the Middle Triassic. This view is supported by the available paleomagnetic data. With these constraints, an apparent polar wander path for Gondwana during the Paleozoic has been constructed after review of the Gondwana paleomagnetic data. The drift history of Gondwana with respect to Laurentia and Baltica during the Paleozoic is shown in a series of paleogeographic maps.  相似文献   

Cenozoic Plate interaction of the Australia and Philippine Sea Plates: “hit-and-run” tectonics     

Manuel Pubellier  Jason Ali  Christophe Monnier 《Tectonophysics》2003,363(3-4):181-199

Recent studies in northwest New Guinea have shown the presence of at least two marginal basins of different age, both of which formed in back-arc settings. The older basin opened between the Middle Jurassic and Early Cretaceous, a remnant of which is now preserved as the New Guinea Ophiolite. Its obduction started at 40 Ma and it was finally emplaced on the Australian margin at 30 Ma. The younger basin was active during the Oligocene to Middle Miocene and was obducted in the Early Pliocene. Studies of the western edge of the Philippine Sea also reveal an important deformation of the Philippine arc in the Oligocene, which hitherto has remained unexplained. Using information from these systems, paleomagnetic results, kinematic reconstructions and geochemistry of the supra-subduction ophiolite, we present a plate model to explain the region's Eo–Oligocene development. We suggest that an extensive portion of oceanic crust extended the Australian Plate a considerable distance north of the Australian Craton. As Australia began its steady 7–8 cm/year northward drift in the Early Eocene, this lithosphere was subducted. Thus, the portion of the Philippine Sea Plate carrying the Taiwan–Philippine Arc to its present site may have actually been in contact with the ophiolite now in New Guinea and obduction led to deformation of the Philippine Sea Plate itself. Neogene Plate kinematics transported the deformed belt in contact with the Sunda block in the Late Miocene and Pliocene. This interpretation has implications for the origin for the Philippine Sea Plate and the potential incorporation of continental fragments against its boundaries.  相似文献   

一种基于多项式的图像压缩方法     

孙宏志  刘书生 《东北地震研究》2003,19(2):54-61

介绍了数字图像压缩的一种新的思维方法，即在将给定的图像块根据纹理特征分为平滑块、斜面块、曲面块、边缘块后，在基于不同多项式对不同类图像块分别进行处理的过程中，对于包含大量高频信息的边缘块，通过提取边缘轮廓位置信息，减少图像块内的高频信息量，而后再对被边缘轮廓分割的新图像块进行分类、处理：由于把图像边缘轮廓的大部分高频信息分解于边沿信息中，因此提高压缩比时不会丢失太多高频细节，减少了物体的边界噪声和可见的图块边界，从而在相同压缩比的前提下，更加保证了图像的视觉效果。文章中给出了此种方法的理论公式、推导过程以及整个实现过程，并通过实例比较了此方法与二维离散余弦变换在图像压缩中的性能差异。  相似文献   

昆仑山口西8.1级地震前青藏块体边界断层异常活动   总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5  

范燕  车兆宏 《地震》2003,23(2):121-126

系统分析了青藏块体边界断层的形变资料，研究了断层活动的动态过程及空间分布。结果表明，昆仑山口西8．1级地震前孕震影响范围达到青藏块体的周边地区；发震断层所在的构造带震前断层活动最为剧烈；加强对构造块体断层整体活动的宏观动态比较和分析，有助于判定未来强震发生的危险地段；震后应力将转移并集中到西秦岭构造带及其邻近地区。  相似文献   

1966年以来华北地区一系列七级大震破裂过程的数值模拟   总被引：9，自引：5，他引：9       下载免费PDF全文

陈祖安  白武明  林邦慧  王新华  许国凯  张瑞清  黄为清 《地球物理学报》2003,46(3):373-381

用非连续变形分析方法(DDA+FEM)数值模拟，在华北地区各地块相互制约的块体系统环境中，地块边界断层上发生1966年邢台地震、 1969年渤海地震、 1975年海城地震、 1976年唐山地震等不同类型破裂模式大震的破裂过程. 数值模拟结果给出每个大震释放的主应力场，最大剪应力变化等值线图，地震前后位移变化矢量图，发震断层滑移随时间变化以及走滑错距和应力降等震源参数. 这些结果与地震的震源机制，用地震波资料研究得到的震源参数,宏观等震线,地表观测的水平位移矢量图基本一致. 其中1969年渤海地震正交破裂模式的结果与宏观等震线及小震分布图像更接近. 1976年唐山地震复杂震源模式与该震早期余震分布图像更相符. 表明用DDA+FEM方法进行数值模拟研究，能较好地模拟地震破裂过程.  相似文献   

鄂豫皖交界地区地震地质背景与中强地震复发特征的研究   总被引：1，自引：2，他引：1  

张杰  王行舟  沈小七  张毅 《地震地磁观测与研究》2003,24(6):18-25

鄂豫皖交界地区位于东大别山西部，历史中强地震(M≥43/4)主要发生在土地岭-落儿岭及商城-麻城断裂带上，且“互动”和“连动”的特征较为显著。根据这一特征，在研究东大别山区域地质、地壳结构、断裂活动及地震构造应力场特征的基础上，可将鄂豫皖交界地区的中强地震作为秦岭-大别山活动地块中的次级地块的整体活动来看待。该区历史地震活动整体表现为丛集特征，而主要发震断层(土地岭-落儿岭断裂)的历史地震活动则具有相对较好的准周期性。地震复发周期研究提示，该地块近期发生M≥5．0左右地震的危险性较大，而霍山-六安地区为未来发生中强地震的主要危险区。  相似文献