Diachronic metamorphic and structural evolution of the Connecticut Valley–Gaspé trough,Northern Appalachians     

Morgann Perrot  Alain Tremblay  Gilles Ruffet  Loic Labrousse  Félix Gervais  Fabien Caroir 《Journal of Metamorphic Geology》2020,38(1):3-27

The Connecticut Valley–Gaspé (CVG) trough represents a major, orogen-scale Silurian–Devonian basin of the Northern Appalachians. From Gaspé Peninsula to southern New England, the CVG trough has experienced a contrasting metamorphic and structural evolution during the Acadian orogeny. Along its strike, the CVG trough is characterized by increasing strain and polyphase structures, and by variations in the intensity of regional metamorphism and contrasting abundance of c. 390–370 Ma granitic intrusions. In southern Quebec and northern Vermont, a series of NW–SE transects across the CVG trough have been studied in order to better understand these along-strike variations. Detailed structural analyses, combined with phase equilibria modelling, Raman spectrometry, and muscovite ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar dating highlight a progressive and incremental deformation involving south–north variation in the timing of metamorphism. Deformation evolves from a D₁ crustal thickening event which originates in Vermont and progresses to southern Québec where it peaked at 0.6 GPa/380°C at c. 375 Ma. This was followed by a D₂ event associated with continuous burial in Vermont from 378 to 355 Ma, which produced peak metamorphic conditions of 0.85 GPa/380°C and exhumation in Quebec from 368 to 360 Ma. The D₃ compressional exhumation event also evolved from south to north from 345 to 335 Ma. D₁ to D₃ deformation events form part of a continuum with an along-strike propagation rate of ~50 km/Ma During D₁, the burial depth varied by more than 15 km between southern Quebec and Vermont, and this can be attributed to the occurrence of a major crustal indenter, the Bronson Hill Arc massif, in the New England segment of the Acadian collision zone.  相似文献   

Litho-tectonic and precipitation implications on landslides,Yamuna valley,NW Himalaya     

Imlirenla Jamir  Glenn T. Thong  Vipin Kumar 《自然地理学》2020,41(4):365-388

ABSTRACT

An attempt is made to explain the relationship of landslides to litho-tectonic and precipitation regimes. The possible influence of these factors on the dimensional pattern of landslides is also inferred. The Yamuna River valley, NW Himalaya, which traverses the Higher Himalaya (HH) and Lesser Himalaya (LH) rock mass, endures disastrous landslides and hence is taken as the case for study. To achieve the objectives, proxies like stream length gradient, topographic profile, steepness index, and ratio of valley floor width to valley height were used to infer a spatially varying tectonic regime, whereas rainfall data and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index were used to determine spatial differences in precipitation and vegetation variability, respectively. Dimensional patterns of landslides utilized the landslide area and volume. The higher reaches of the HH and lowest part of the LH show rockfall dominance associated with relatively high tectonic activity, whereas most of the debris slides coincide with regional thrusts. Total area and volume occupied by the landslides are ~1.5 ± 0.16 × 10⁶ m² and ~4.7 ± 1.2 × 10⁶ m³, respectively. Dimensions of debris slides were found to be less influenced by the litho-tectonic and precipitation regimes, whereas the dimensions of rockfalls were found to be more sensitive to these conditions.  相似文献   

An assessment of conditions before and after the 1998 Tam Pokhari outburst in the Nepal Himalaya and an evaluation of the future outburst hazard          下载免费PDF全文

Damodar Lamsal  Takanobu Sawagaki  Teiji Watanabe  Alton C. Byers  Daene C. McKinney 《水文研究》2016,30(5):676-691

On 3 September 1998, a glacial lake outburst flood (GLOF) that originated from Tam Pokhari occurred in the Hinku valley of the eastern Nepal Himalaya. This study analyses the lake's geomorphic and hydrologic conditions prior to the outburst, and evaluates the conditions that could contribute to a future flood through photogrammetric techniques. We processed high‐resolution Corona KH‐4A (2.7 m) and ALOS PRISM (2.5 m) stereo‐images taken before and after the GLOF event, and produced detailed topographic maps (2‐m contour interval) and DEMs (5 m × 5 m). We (re‐) constructed lake water surfaces before (4410 ± 5 m) and after (4356 ± 5 m) the outburst, and reliably estimated the lake water surface lowering (54 ± 5 m) and the water volume released (19.5 ± 2.2 × 10⁶ m³) from the lake, showing good agreement with the results obtained from ground‐based measurements. The most relevant conditions that may have influenced the catastrophic drainage of Tam Pokhari in 1998 include the presence of: (i) a narrow (75 ± 6 m), steep (up to 50°) and high (120 ± 5 m) moraine dam; (ii) high lake level (8 ± 5 m of freeboard) and (iii) a steep overhanging glacier (>40°). The lake outburst substantially altered the immediate area, creating a low and wide (>500 m) outwash plain below the lake, a wide lake outlet channel (~50 m) and a gentle channel slope (~3–5°). Our new data suggest that the likelihood of a future lake outburst is low. Our results demonstrate that the datasets produced by photogrammetric techniques provide an excellent representation of micro‐landform features on moraine dams, lake water surfaces and the changes in both over time, thereby allowing highly accurate pre‐ and post‐GLOF (volumetric) change analysis of glacial lakes. Furthermore, it enables precise measurement of several predictive variables of GLOFs that can be useful for identifying potentially dangerous glacial lakes or prioritizing them for detailed field investigations. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

High‐P tectono‐metamorphic evolution of mylonites from the Variscan basement of the Northern Apennines,Italy          下载免费PDF全文

Deborah Lo Pò  Roberto Braga  Hans‐Joachim Massonne  Giancarlo Molli  Alessandra Montanini  Giuseppe M. Bargossi 《Journal of Metamorphic Geology》2018,36(1):23-39

Strain localization within shear zones may partially erase the rock fabric and the metamorphic assemblage(s) that had developed before the mylonitic event. In poly‐deformed basements, the loss of information on pre‐kinematic phases of mylonites hinders large‐scale correlations based on tectono‐metamorphic data. In this study, devoted to a relict unit of Variscan basement reworked within the nappe stack of the Northern Apennines (Italy), we investigate the possibility to reconstruct a complete pressure (P)–temperature (T)–deformation (D) path of mylonitic micaschist and amphibolite by integrating microstructural analysis, mineral chemistry and thermodynamic modelling. The micaschist is characterized by a mylonitic fabric with fine‐grained K‐white mica and chlorite enveloping mica‐fishes, quartz, and garnet pseudomorphs. Potassic white mica shows Mg‐rich cores and Mg‐poor rims. The amphibolite contains green amphibole+plagioclase+garnet+quartz+ilmenite defining S₁ with a superposed mylonitic fabric localized in decimetre‐ to centimetre‐scale shear zones. Garnet is surrounded by an amphibole+plagioclase corona. Phase diagram calculations provide P–T constraints that are linked to the reconstructed metamorphic‐deformational stages. For the first time an early high‐P stage at >11 kbar and 510°C was constrained, followed by a temperature peak at 550–590°C and 9–10 kbar and a retrograde stage (<475°C, <7 kbar), during which ductile shear zones developed. The inferred clockwise P–T–D path was most likely related to crustal thickening by continent‐continent collision during the Variscan orogeny. A comparison of this P–T–D path with those of other Variscan basement occurrences in the Northern Apennines revealed significant differences. Conversely, a correlation between the tectono‐metamorphic evolution of the Variscan basement at Cerreto pass, NE Sardinia and Ligurian Alps was established.  相似文献   

Spatial trends of dustfall over northern China in the spring and their influencing factors     

JinChang Li  ZhiBao Dong  GuangQiang Qian  WanYin Luo 《寒旱区科学》2010,2(6):0529-0537

The spatial trends of dustfall of different sizes over northern China during April and May 2001,and March 2002,and their influencing factors,were analyzed.We divided the dustfall into seven grades based on particle size.Total dustfall and dustfall for each grade were highest in desert regions then in regions undergoing desertification,and the total dustfall,dustfall 100 μm and dustfall 250 μm were higher in western agricultural regions closer to desert areas than in eastern agricultural regions.The spatial trends in dustfall 300 μm in diameter were most strongly correlated with dust events,and the content of coarse particles increased with increasing severity of dust events.Because the spatial trend for dust events appears to be controlled by geomorphic conditions,vegetation coverage,soil moisture,and the distance from dust source,dustfall 300 μm in diameter appears to have the same controlling factors as dust events,but the control decreases with increasing particle size.Wind,the driving force for dust emissions,also influenced the spatial trends in dustfall 200 μm in diameter,and especially for dustfall 50 to 100 μm in diameter.Although dustfall 300 μm in diameter and precipitation were not strongly spatially correlated,there is some evidence that high precipitation decreased deposition by restraining blowing sand.The coarser the dustfall,the weaker the correlation with wind speed;however,transport of larger particles still occurs,and further research will be required to test the possibility that this dust is entrained mainly by the small-scale dust devils that are commonly observed in the study area.  相似文献   

秦岭北缘断裂带温泉水渗流特征与地震活动水平研究   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

史杰  张慧  苏鹤军  张莲海 《地震研究》2010,33(3)

前人对秦岭北缘断裂带出露温泉水的氢氧同位素、He同位素和SiO2含量进行了计算,得到了温泉水的热储温度和循环深度。在此基础上,运用温度场作用下的热水垂向运移数学模型演算了循环深度和断层带渗透性之间的关系。根据1970～2008年的区域台网资料,对断裂带进行了分段地震活动多参数组合方法分析,并结合历史中强地震(公元前781年～公元2008年)的空间分布特点,分析总结了断层带不同区段渗透特征和地震活动的关系。最后对秦岭北缘断裂带的渗透性成因进行了解释。  相似文献   

Seasonal variation of upper layer circulation in the northern part of the East/Japan Sea     

Taekyun Kim  Jong-Hwan Yoon 《Continental Shelf Research》2010

Seasonal variation of upper layer circulation in the northern part of the East/Japan Sea and its mechanism were investigated using empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis with satellite sea surface heights over the northern East/Japan Sea and a three-dimensional circulation model. The spatial structure and temporal variation of first EOF mode, which explains about 64% of the total variance, indicate that a large cyclonic circulation in the northern East/Japan Sea shows a semi-annual variation with maximum strength in summer and winter. According to numerical model result, the Liman Cold Current, accepted as a major current in the northern East/Japan Sea, is well mixed vertically by the winter monsoon and the current in the upper layer has a relatively deep structure, with a maximum westward speed of about 20 cm/s in winter. On the other hand, in summer the current has a stronger baroclinic structure of velocity than in winter. Numerical experiments showed that in summer the temporal variation of upper layer circulation is controlled by thermal forcing, such as sea surface heat flux and inflow of heat transport into the East/Japan Sea through the Korea/Tsushima Strait. Moreover, the cyclonic circulation in the upper layer of the northern East/Japan Sea is also generated and strengthened by the positive wind stress curl occupying most of the East/Japan Sea during the winter. The seasonal variation of each forcing that drives the circulation is responsible for the strength or weakness of the upper layer circulation in the northern East/Japan Sea. The contribution of each forcing to the seasonal variation of the upper layer circulation is examined through sensitivity experiments. According to these numerical experiments, the upper layer circulation in the northern East/Japan Sea is strengthened twice a year, in winter and summer, and this semi-annual variation is determined by a combination of wind (winter) and thermal (summer) forcing.  相似文献   

Assessing changes in extreme sea levels: Application to the English Channel, 1900–2006     

Ivan Haigh  Robert Nicholls  Neil Wells 《Continental Shelf Research》2010

A recently extended and spatially rich English Channel sea level dataset has been used to evaluate changes in extreme still water levels throughout the 20th century. Sea level records from 18 tide gauges have been rigorously checked for errors and split into mean sea level, tidal and non-tidal components. These components and the interaction between surge and tide have been analysed separately for significant trends before determining changes in extreme sea level. Mean sea level is rising at 0.8–2.3 mm/year, depending on location. There is a small increase (0.1–0.3 mm/year) in the annual mean high water of astronomical tidal origin, relative to mean sea level, and an increase (0.2–0.6 mm/year) in annual mean tidal range. There is considerable intra- and inter-decadal variability in surge intensity with the strongest intensity in the late 1950s. Storm surges show a statistically significant weak negative correlation to the winter North Atlantic Oscillation index throughout the Channel and a stronger significant positive correlation at the boundary with the southern North Sea. Tide–surge interactions increase eastward along the English Channel, but no significant long-term changes in the distribution of tide–surge interaction are evident. In conclusion, extreme sea levels increased at all of the 18 sites, but at rates not statistically different from that observed in mean sea level.  相似文献   

西藏仲巴县特提斯喜马拉雅早白垩世日朗组玄武岩地球化学特征及其构造意义     

葛玉魁  王成善  戴紧根  李亚林 《现代地质》2016,30(1):69-77

特提斯喜马拉雅地层中广泛分布早白垩世火山碎屑岩,但对这套火山碎屑岩的源区缺乏有力的约束。在特提斯喜马拉雅中西段仲巴地区白垩系日朗组地层中发现一套玄武岩夹层,该玄武岩为碱性玄武岩,表现为LREE富集的分布型式,与典型的OIB和区域上的板内玄武岩类似。玄武岩Nb含量介于下地壳与上地壳之间,Th含量略低于下地壳,具有较高的Th/Nb比值和较低的Ce/Pb,指示岩浆在演化过程中遭受了一定程度的地壳混染,与雅鲁藏布蛇绿岩混杂岩带中的海山明显不同。构造环境判别图解显示玄武岩形成于大陆板内裂谷环境,结合日朗组地层沉积环境的分析,该玄武岩可能为日朗组火山碎屑岩提供物源。  相似文献   

大兴安岭北部多年冻土监测进展   总被引：13，自引：10，他引：3  

常晓丽  金会军  何瑞霞  荆宏远  李国玉  王永平  罗栋梁  于少鹏  孙海滨 《冰川冻土》2013,35(1):93-100

大兴安岭北部是我国多年冻土最为发育的地区之一, 多年冻土的存在和分布受植被、积雪等局地因素的影响十分显著, 形成了独特的兴安-贝加尔型多年冻土. 随着该区社会经济的发展, 多年冻土对寒区环境以及工程生产活动的影响越来越大. 近几年来逐步在大兴安岭北部建立了以多年冻土为主要研究对象的监测网络, 包括多年冻土地温监测网络、自动气象站、雪特性观测系统、活动层温度-水分观测系统以及地面融沉监测断面, 获得了一系列有意义的数据和成果. 做好大兴安岭北部多年冻土及其周围植被、气候及冻土灾害的监测具有重要的基础性和前瞻性科学价值.  相似文献