PM2.5监测及评价研究进展   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

傅敏宁  郑有飞  徐星生  牛鲁燕 《气象与减灾研究》2012,(4):1-6

综合阐述了近年来国内外PM2.5的监测方法、观测站网建设发展,以及PM2.5对人体健康、大气环境及天气、气候等方面的影响研究,并对国内外PM2.5空气质量标准差异进行了比较分析,提出了加强PM2.5监测及影响评价的建议。  相似文献   

Asian Dust effects on Total Suspended Particulate (TSP) compositions at Gosan in Jeju Island, Korea   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Chang-Hee Kang  Won-Hyung Kim  Hee-Jung Ko  Sang-Bum Hong   《Atmospheric Research》2009,94(2):345-355

The compositions of TSP between AD and NAD storm periods were compared to study their long-term variations and chemical characteristics. TSP samples were collected at Gosan site in Jeju Island of Korea from February to May of 1992–2004. The major ionic and elemental species of TSP aerosols were analyzed. During AD periods, the concentrations of crust components (nss-Ca²⁺, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Ba, Sr, Ti) increased remarkably, and the concentrations of anthropogenic components (nss-SO₄²⁻, NO₃⁻, S, Zn, Pb, Cr, Ni, Cd), with the exception of NH₄⁺, increased weakly. The concentration ratios of all major components between AD and NAD periods showed ranges from 1.2 to 8.5, except for NH₄⁺. The slope of the linear regression indicated that the contribution of CO₃²⁻ may have comprised up to 17% of the total anions. Our results suggested that the AD storm greatly influenced TSP compositions. Linear regression analyses indicated that NH₄⁺ was not correlated with NO₃⁻, but highly correlated with nss-SO₄²⁻ during both periods. The nss-SO₄²⁻ was also correlated with NH₄⁺, K⁺, nss-Mg²⁺, and nss-Ca²⁺ during both periods. Interestingly, NO₃⁻ was associated with nss-Ca²⁺ and nss-Mg²⁺ during AD periods. Of the metal elements, Fe, Ca, Mg, Ti, Mn, Ba, Sr, V, and Co were highly correlated with Al during both periods, signifying that these metals were mostly originated from soils.  相似文献   

Composition and sources of organic matter in atmospheric PM₁₀ over a two year period in Beijing, China     

Jiabin Zhou  Tieguan Wang  Yanping Zhang  Ningning Zhong  Patricia M. Medeiros  Bernd R.T. Simoneit   《Atmospheric Research》2009,93(4):849-861

The solvent-extractable organic compounds of atmospheric PM₁₀ samples, collected over two years beginning in 2003 at urban and suburban sites of Beijing, were characterized using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The elemental carbon (EC) contents were determined and ranged from 4.3 to 42 μg m^− 3. Organic compounds in total extracts were identified and included unresolved complex mixture (UCM) and series of n-alkanes, n-alkanols, n-alkanoic acids, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs); saccharides, alkanedioic acids, steroids, and other biomarkers and source tracers. The seasonal variations of their relative abundances are discussed. The abundance order for the major molecular classes in the particulate organic matter (POM) was the following: UCM > saccharides > n-alkanoic acids >n-alkanes > n-alkanols > PAHs > hydroxy-PAHs > other biomarker tracers. Based on the genetic significance of the molecular tracers, the dominant sources of POM are proposed for the two sampling sites. The emissions from fossil fuel use (both coal and petroleum products), biomass combustion, other pyrolysis sources, higher plant wax, and secondary products contribute > 98.0% of the POM mass. The fossil fuel use (average = 65% of POM) is the largest contributor and derives mainly from vehicular traffic.  相似文献   

Impact of natural (storm) and anthropogenic (trawling) sediment resuspension on particulate organic matter in coastal environments   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

A. Pusceddu  A. Grmare  K. Escoubeyrou  J.M. Amouroux  C. Fiordelmondo  R. Danovaro 《Continental Shelf Research》2005,25(19-20):2506

In order to assess the impact of natural and anthropogenic sediment resuspension on quantity, biochemical composition and bioavailability of particulate organic matter (POM), two field investigations were carried out in two shallow coastal areas of the Mediterranean Sea. In the Gulf of Lions, we investigated the impact of a storm resuspension of sediment, whereas in the Thermaikos Gulf we investigated the impact of bottom trawling.Resuspension in the Gulf of Lions determined the increase of sedimentation rates, modified the composition of the organic fraction of settling particles and decreased the labile fraction of POM, as indicated by a drop in the enzymatically hydrolysable amino acid fraction. The increase in the refractory fraction, following short-term storm-induced resuspension, increased also the contribution of glycine and decreased the contribution of aspartic acid contents to the total amino acid pools.Trawling activities in Thermaikos Gulf determined a significant increase in suspended POM concentrations and important changes in its biochemical composition. After trawling, the protein to carbohydrate ratio decreased (as a result of a major input of sedimentary carbohydrates at the water–sediment interface) and the fraction of enzymatically hydrolysable biopolymeric C decreased by ≈30%, thus reducing the bioavailability of resuspended organic particles. Results of the present study indicate that changes in suspended POM, induced by storms and trawling activities, can have similar consequences on benthic systems and on food webs. In fact, the potential benefit of increased organic particle concentration for suspension feeders, is depressed by the shift of suspended food particles towards a more refractory composition.  相似文献   

Particulate dimethylsulphoxide and dimethylsulphoniopropionate in phytoplankton cultures and Scottish coastal waters   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

Angela D. Hatton  Samuel T. Wilson 《Aquatic Sciences - Research Across Boundaries》2007,69(3):330-340

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Seasonal delivery of the particulate forms of phosphorus to Lake Geneva from the upper Rhone river   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

D. Burrus  R. L. Thomas  J. Dominik  J. P. Vernet 《Aquatic Sciences - Research Across Boundaries》1990,52(3):221-235

Large volume water samples were taken at Porte du Scex and Bouveret at the mouth of the Upper Rhone River as it enters Lake Geneva. Samples were taken every two weeks during 1982 up until August 1983. Water samples were analyzed for total phosphorus (TP), and soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) and were centrifuged in the field using a continuous flow centrifuge to recover the suspended solids following sieving at 63 µm. The < 63 µm solids were analyzed for total particulate phosphorus (TPP), organic phosphorus (OP), apatite phosphorus (AP) and non apatite inorganic phosphorus (NAIP). The > 63 µm were similarly analyzed and the weight of total solids in both size fractions recorded. Results were compared throughout the period of record to the hydrograph situated at Porte de Scex. The annual cycle of the Rhone can be divided into a low turbidity, low flow winter period (SED 1) and high flow, high turbidity summer season designated (SED 2). Turbidity is well related to discharge. The > 63 µm sediment is mobilized at 200 m³ s^–1 and thereafter increases in concert with, though at a faster rate than, the < 63 µm fraction. The coarse fraction contains significant quantities of phosphorus and in 1982 accounted for 26% of the TPP loading. OP and NAIP are higher in SED 1 than in SED 2 though AP remains constant throughout the year. OP is believed to be driven primarily from point sources whereas NAIP, in addition to point sources, has secondary sources in spring and summer due to sheet erosion from the agricultural soils of the valley. Loadings of phosphorus were calculated by four methods which showed internal consistency though they were higher than previous estimates. Bioavailable phosphorus (BAP) was estimated to account for some 20% of the total phosphorus loading of some 1500 tonnes; BAP is here taken to be the sum of SRP and NAIP and is that portion of the phosphorus load believed to be available to generate phytoplankton growth.  相似文献   

Particulate sulfate levels at a rural site in Israel     

Menachem Luria  Batia Lifschitz  Mordechai Peleg 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》1989,8(3):241-250

Ambient particulate sulfate measurements have been intermittently performed at a rural site in Israel over a period of more than two years. Concurrent measurements of ambient pollutants (SO₂, NO–NO_x, and O₃), as well as meteorological data, were also carried out. The daily data included four particulate sulfate samples representing four successive 6 h accumulating periods. The measured concentrations of sulfate ions ranged from a low 2 g m^-3 observed during the winter season to a high of >50 g m^-3 obtained during the summer. Little correlation was obtained between the sulfate concentration and either O₃ or SO₂, although sulfate and O₃ showed a similar diurnal and annual trend. Based on the data distribution and on a photochemical model, it was concluded that a large part of the particulate sulfate observed at the eastern coast of the Mediterranean Sea must be related to long-range transport from distant sources.  相似文献   

Response of nephelometric turbidity to hydrodynamic particle size of fine suspended sediment     

《国际泥沙研究》2020,35(5):444-454

Turbidity is used as a surrogate for suspended sediment concentration (SSC), and as a regulatory tool for indicating land use disturbance and environmental protection. Turbidity relates linearly to suspended material, however, can show non-linear responses to particulate organic matter (POM), concomitant with changes in particle size distribution (PSD). In the paper the influence of ultra-fine particulate matter (UFPM) on specific turbidity and its association with POM in suspended sediment are shown for alpine rivers in the Southern Alps of New Zealand. The approach was two-fold: a field-based investigation of the relations between SSC, POM, and turbidity sampled during event flow; and experimental work on hydrodynamic particle size effects on SSC, POM, PSD, and turbidity. Specific turbidity changes over event flow and are sensitive to increasing proportional amounts of sand, UFPM, and POM in suspension. Furthermore, the UFPM is the size fraction (<6 μm) where POM increases. The implications of the current study are that the slopes of turbidity-SSC relations are undesirable in locations that may be dominated by cyclic release of POM or distinct pulses of fine-grained material. At locations where the turbidity-SSC slopes approximate 2, the POM proportion is usually <10% of the total suspended load. However, when turbidity-SSC slopes are <1 this is likely caused by high amounts of side-scatter from UFPM concomitant with higher proportions of POM. Thus, the use of turbidity as a proxy for determining SSC may have serious consequences for the measurement of representative suspended sediment data, particularly in locations where POM may be a significant contributor to overall suspended load.  相似文献   

2015年喀什市大气颗粒物的时空分布规律     

羊兴  赵克明  闵月  杨丹丹 《沙漠与绿洲气象(新疆气象)》2017,11(5):83-88

本文主要针对塔里木盆地西侧喀什市的大气污染问题,采用多站点、多种污染物数据,分析2015年大气污染物的时空分布规律,揭示其大气污染物的主要特征。总体来看,喀什市主要以颗粒物污染为主,即PM10、PM2.5污染严重。从季节上来看,喀什PM10 平均浓度为春季最高、秋季次之,冬季最低的特点,而PM2.5则呈现冬季最高,夏季最低的特点。如PM10平均浓度春季最高,为504.2μg/m3,这与喀什春季气候特征有关。从日变化来看,PM10的日变化曲线四季除春季外都为双峰结构,春季为多波动型;PM2.5的日变化曲线秋、冬季为双峰结构,春、夏季为波动型结构。总体来看,两类污染物浓度全天的较大值都出现在午夜1:00与下午13:00左右。从空间分布来看, PM10浓度总体上是城市北部低、东南部高的特点;PM2.5浓度四季呈现城市西北部低、南部高的特点。  相似文献   

Seasonal trends in the abundance, composition and bioavailability of particulate and dissolved organic matter in the Chukchi/Beaufort Seas and western Canada Basin     

Jenny Davis  Ronald Benner 《Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography》2005,52(24-26):3396

The objectives of this study were to investigate the seasonality, abundance, sources and bioreactivity of organic matter in the water column of the western Arctic Ocean. The concentrations of particulate and dissolved amino acids and amino sugars, as well as bulk properties of particulate and dissolved organic matter (DOM), were measured in shelf, slope and basin waters collected during the spring and summer of 2002. Particulate organic matter concentrations in shelf waters increased by a factor of 10 between spring and summer. Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and nitrogen (DON) concentrations exhibited only minor seasonal variations, whereas dissolved amino acid concentrations doubled between spring and summer, and dissolved amino sugars increased by 31% in shelf waters of the Chukchi and Beaufort Seas. Concentrations of DOC did not exhibit a significant seasonal change in surface waters of the Canada Basin, but dissolved amino acid concentrations increased by 45% between spring and summer. No significant seasonal differences were detected in the concentration or composition of DOM in waters below 100 m in depth. Concentrations of particulate and dissolved amino acids and amino sugars were strongly correlated with chlorophyll-a, indicating a plankton source of freshly produced organic matter. The amino acid and amino sugar compositions of freshly produced DOM indicated that a large portion of this material is bioavailable. While freshly produced DOM was found to be relatively bioreactive, preformed DOM in the Arctic appears to be less bioreactive but similar in degradation state to average DOM in the Atlantic and Pacific. These data demonstrate substantial summer production of POM and DOM on the Chukchi and Beaufort shelves that is available for utilization in shelf waters and export to the Canada Basin.  相似文献