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31.
Rifting dynamics at spreading axes is governed by two processes: the large-scale plate divergence and the local magma accumulation in the crust-mantle transition layer. Both evolve simultaneously. A model is developed particularly for the situation in Iceland where a well studied rifting episode occurred in the Krafla volcanic system 1975–1984. Both the divergence and the buoyant rise of magma create tensile deviatoric stress in the axial region, but while divergence generates an altogether extensional stress field, uprising of buoyant melt produces tension only near the axis but compression of the sides. The buoyant rise is driven by the differential pressure gradient in rock and melt. The processes are studied with a two-dimensional finite-element routine. Presently thermal effects are neglected. The model parameters are density difference, size of the buoyant body, externally applied stress field, mechanical properties of rock and melt. Relatively small amounts of divergence and small increases of buoyancy are shown to generate axial tension which can overcome the tensile strength. Axial tension produced by buoyant bodies can even overcome lateral compression. Observed long intervals of quiescence require either large rock strength, quasi-continuous stress relaxation, small buoyant bodies, and/or a compressive deviatoric stress normal to the axis during much of the time between rifting episodes. Buoyant rise and injection of melt must be important in generating compression. 相似文献
32.
陆顺永 《地震工程与工程振动》1995,15(4):85-92
基于双线性和三线性的力-位移滞回线假设,导出了钢梁阻尼器隔震系统等效阻尼比与阻尼器延性率的关系;为了获得大阻尼比隔震系统,以尽量减小隔震系统的地震反应,求得了使系统阻尼比为最大的阻尼器相应延性率(即最佳延性率)所需满足的条件;给出了在给定地震地面运动输入条件下,使系统阻尼器变形位移达到最佳延性率的阻尼器初始刚度和屈服位移的确定方法。 相似文献
33.
华北克拉通大红峪组高钾火山岩的地球化学特征及其岩石成因 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
华北克拉通中元古代大红峪组火山岩是一套高钾(K2O Na2O)、富铝、贫硅的碱玄岩-响质碱玄岩-响岩组合。地球化学特征显示其富集轻稀土(LREE)和大离子亲石元素(LILE)(Rb,Ba,K等)、贫高场强元素(HFSE)(Th,Zr,Hf,HREE等)和弱亏损Nb,Ta的微量元素特征。稀土元素配分模式为右倾,有轻微的Eu正异常,类似于OIB的特征。较稳定的La/Nb比值和εNd(t)值,说明岩浆在上升过程中并未遭受到明显的地壳混染作用;结合岩石Nb,Ta弱亏损以及εNd(t)值为-0.66~0.63的特征,表明其地球化学特征更多的是其地幔源区的反映。因此,岩浆来源于富集地幔,可能为被俯冲交代作用改造过的深部岩石圈地幔,并有OIB特征的软流圈组分加入。构造环境分析表明,大红峪组火山岩形成于板内裂谷,其深部地球动力学过程可能与地幔柱有关。 相似文献
34.
The work is dedicated to most important abiotic processes of the Early Precambrian, effect of which is recorded in continental crust, and to complementary processes in subcontinental mantle. We intend to figure out when a certain process was triggered first in the past and what indications suggest its further activity, evolution and possible cessation in subsequent geological history. Considerations are based on described natural objects characterizing particular geological events and enabling the cause-and-effect interpretation in order to understand different viewpoints known from publications. Considered in the work are the early Precambrian greenstone belts and ophiolites, island-arc systems and ecologites, magmatism unconnected with subduction zones (rifting-related, plateau basalts, dykes, kimberlites) and anorthosites representing a group of heterochronous intrusions of complicated genesis. Main considerations are premised with a brief review of the earliest geodynamic phenomena associated with meteorite impacts by termination of the planetary accretion. 相似文献
35.
This paper focuses on the influence of the initial void ratio on the evolution of the passive earth pressure and the formation
of shear zones in a dry sand body behind a retaining wall. For the numerical simulation a rigid and very rough retaining wall
undergoing a horizontal translation against the backfill is considered. The essential mechanical properties of cohesionless
granular soil are described with a micro-polar hypoplastic model which takes into account stresses and couple stresses, pressure
dependent limit void ratios and the mean grain size as a characteristic length. Numerical investigations are carried out with
an initially medium dense and initially loose sand using a homogeneous and random distribution of the initial void ratio.
The geometry of calculated shear zones is discussed and compared with a corresponding laboratory model test. 相似文献
36.
Seismic Passive Earth Pressure Behind Non-vertical Retaining Wall Using Pseudo-dynamic Analysis 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Priyanka Ghosh 《Geotechnical and Geological Engineering》2007,25(6):693-703
This paper shows a detailed study on the seismic passive earth pressure behind a non-vertical cantilever retaining wall using
pseudo-dynamic analysis. A planar failure surface has been considered behind the retaining wall. The effects of soil friction
angle, wall inclination, wall friction angle, horizontal and vertical earthquake acceleration on the passive earth pressure
have been explored. Unlike the Mononobe–Okabe method, which incorporates pseudo-static analysis, the present analysis predicts
a nonlinear variation of passive earth pressure along the wall. The results have been thoroughly compared with the existing
values in the literature. 相似文献
37.
Quantitative Modelling of Multiphase Lithospheric Stretching and Deep Thermal History of Some Tertiary Rift Basins in Eastern China 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
LIN Changsong ZHANG Yanmei LI Sitian LIU Jingyan TONG Zhigang DING Xiaozhong LI Xichen Department of Energy Resources China University of Geosciences Beijing Department of Computer Sciences China University of Geosciences Beijing Research Institute of Sedimentary Basin Mineral Resources China Universityof Geosciences Wuhan Exploration Development Research Centre China National Offshore Oil Corp. Gaobeidian 《《地质学报》英文版》2002,76(3):324-330
The stretching process of some Tertiary rift basins in eastern China is characterized by multiphase rifting. A multiple instantaneous uniform stretching model is proposed in this paper to simulate the formation of the basins as the rifting process cannot be accurately described by a simple (one episode) stretching model. The study shows that the multiphase stretching model, combined with the back-stripping technique, can be used to reconstruct the subsidence history and the stretching process of the lithosphere, and to evaluate the depth to the top of the asthenosphere and the deep thermal evolution of the basins. The calculated results obtained by applying the quantitative model to the episodic rifting process of the Tertiary Qiongdongnan and Yinggehai basins in the South China Sea are in agreement with geophysical data and geological observations. This provides a new method for quantitative evaluation of the geodynamic process of multiphase rifting occurring during the Tertiary in eastern China. 相似文献
38.
准噶尔盆地陆梁地区基底火山岩的岩石地球化学及其构造环境 总被引:16,自引:9,他引:16
准噶尔盆地腹地陆梁起基底火山岩岩性为富钠玄武岩及流纹岩,总体显示出板内双峰火山岩特点。玄武岩的特征是:岩石的五晶和基质中普遍出现橄榄石;辉石为普通辉石;斑晶和基质中的长石为偏酸性的斜长石(平均牌号为30-50);全岩化学成分CIPW计算结果表明,绝大部分含有Ne(2.8%-4.6%),均含有O1(19.3%-10.1%)和Di(0.2%-24.6%),标准矿物分子组合为Ne+O1+Di+An;在全碱-SiO2图上玄武岩投影于碱性区;Mg^#<65;REE总量为110.29-158.06μg/g。(La/Y)N变化范围为3.10-4.51。δEu变化于0.93-1.04;弱武岩的微量元素标准化图解为LILE相对于LREE适度富集,Nb,Ta相对于LREE和LILE亏损。Ni,Cr含量略低于原始岩浆的参考值;以上特征表明,弱武岩总体上属于碱性橄榄玄武岩;玄武岩具有较同正的εNd(t)和低的^87Sr/^86Sr,而流纹岩则具有较低的εNd(t)和较高的^87Sr/^86Sr,反映它们的同源性和遭受陆壳物质同化混染程度的不同。同位素Rb-Sr等时线年龄和单颗粒锆石蒸发年龄集中在323-395Ma。以上特点表明,陆梁玄武岩来自于亏损的地幔源区,并经历了一定程度的分异作用和陆壳物质的混染作用,其形成于板内环境,与泥盆纪-石灰纪区域伸展作用有关,因此,陆梁隆起带基底很可能是一个大陆裂谷带。 相似文献
39.
40.
利用与现今地面有关的数字地形资料,确定了内蒙古河套裂谷带北翼狼山-色尔腾山的剥蚀面序列及其分布型式。始新世末期始发的裂谷作用导致该裂谷北翼在渐新世(E3)、中新世(N1)、上新世(N2)和第四纪(Q)发生了4幕区域性地面隆起和剥蚀作用,与裂谷盆地的4幕沉降和沉积作用相关联。区域性地面降起量和剥蚀作用的时间长度、流水侵蚀对局部地势的潜在影响、隆起和侵蚀速度的相对重要性,以及构造、侵蚀和均衡作用的联合效应是该裂谷翼部景观发育的主要控制因素。 相似文献