Main progress and prospect for China's hydrogeological survey          下载免费PDF全文

WU Ai-min  HAO Ai-bing  GUO Hai-peng  LIU Jing-tao  ZHANG Er-yong  WANG Huang  WANG Xin-feng  WEN Xue-ru  ZHANG Cui-guang 《地下水科学与工程》2020,8(3):195-209

This paper reviewed the main achievements of hydrogeological survey in China, summarized the significant progress of hydrogeological survey over the past decade, and forecasted the key responsibilities for hydrogeological survey in the p14th Five-year Planq. The significant progress includes: China established the 1: 50 000 standard hydrogeological survey system with Chinese characteristics and produced the new generation of high-quality hydrogeological maps; the national groundwater monitoring project was completed and accepted, which marks China taking the leading position in groundwater monitoring internationally; fruitful results were achieved in the national groundwater quality survey, and groundwater quality background values were basically identified and checked; hydrogeological and environmental geological survey was continuously promoted in karst areas and the ecological restoration of rocky desertification achieved remarkable results; China strengthened layer exploration techniques for groundwater, integrating the key and practical techniques of layer exploration and monitoring; the exploration of groundwater in the poverty-stricken regions and old revolutionary base areas were effectively promoted to strongly guarantee the poverty alleviation and drinking water safety; the mystery of desert groundwater was uncovered, making up for the shortage of 1: 250 000 hydrogeological survey in the Badain Jaran Desert; and more efforts were made to conduct survey on the water resources in the basin, and to finish the unified measurement of national-scale groundwater level.  相似文献   

Prediction of episodic acidification in North‐eastern USA: an empirical/mechanistic approach     

T. D. Davies  M. Tranter  P. J. Wigington  K. N. Eshleman  N. E. Peters  J. Van Sickle  D. R. DeWalle  P. S. Murdoch 《水文研究》1999,13(8):1181-1195

Observations from the US Environmental Protection Agency's Episodic Response Project (ERP) in the North‐eastern United States are used to develop an empirical/mechanistic scheme for prediction of the minimum values of acid neutralizing capacity (ANC) during episodes. An acidification episode is defined as a hydrological event during which ANC decreases. The pre‐episode ANC is used to index the antecedent condition, and the stream flow increase reflects how much the relative contributions of sources of waters change during the episode. As much as 92% of the total variation in the minimum ANC in individual catchments can be explained (with levels of explanation >70% for nine of the 13 streams) by a multiple linear regression model that includes pre‐episode ANC and change in discharge as independent variables. The predictive scheme is demonstrated to be regionally robust, with the regional variance explained ranging from 77 to 83%. The scheme is not successful for each ERP stream, and reasons are suggested for the individual failures. The potential for applying the predictive scheme to other watersheds is demonstrated by testing the model with data from the Panola Mountain Research Watershed in the South‐eastern United States, where the variance explained by the model was 74%. The model can also be utilized to assess ‘chemically new’ and ‘chemically old’ water sources during acidification episodes. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

陕北地区退耕还林还草工程土壤保护效应的时空特征   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

刘文超  刘纪远  匡文慧 《地理学报》2019,74(9):1835-1852

以中国退耕还林生态工程重点区域陕北地区作为研究区,基于耕地遥感监测数据集,分析了陕北地区2000-2013年耕地的时空变化特征;基于梯田空间分布,对RUSLE模型进行改进,模拟生成陕北地区土壤侵蚀模数栅格数据并进行精度验证;最后结合耕地变化数据集对陕北地区退耕还林（草）地及未退耕地的土壤侵蚀变化特征进行对比分析,以明确工程对全区土壤侵蚀变化的影响。结果表明,2000-2010年,陕北退耕农田内部侵蚀模数减少了22.70 t/hm ²,是退耕农田区2000年土壤侵蚀模数的47.08%。同期,陕北地区未退耕农田侵蚀模数减少了10.99 t/hm ²,占未退耕农田区域2000年土壤侵蚀模数的28.60%。从陕北全区的角度看,各种土地利用类型2000-2010年土壤侵蚀模数平均减少了14.51 t/hm ²,占2000年全区土壤侵蚀模数的41.87%。由此可见,退耕还林还草工程可以有效减少土壤侵蚀模数,达到土壤保护的作用。其中,由耕地转为林草所导致的侵蚀减少最为显著,对土壤保护的贡献作用最大。但是,2010年以后（2010-2013年）为退耕还林还草巩固时期,因此该阶段陕北地区土壤侵蚀模数和土壤侵蚀量变化较前10年显著降低。  相似文献   

贵州省气象甚高频通信网最佳方案的研究     

任开智  贾泽喜  张声亮 《成都信息工程学院学报》1994,(1)

通过时在贵州山区组建甚高频通信网进行工程设计、方案试验、运行调整，确立了该通信网的最佳方案。所谓最佳方案，即要求该网的复盖率为１００％，中转环节最少、信号稳定可靠，既能进行话传，又能进行数传。目前，在山区组建这样的甚高频通信网及其实现的方法，在我国尚属先例。  相似文献   

Different Asian Monsoon Rainfall Responses to Idealized Orography Sensitivity Experiments in the HadGEM3-GA6 and FGOALS-FAMIL Global Climate Models     

Kai Chi WONG  Senfeng LIU  Andrew G.TURNER  Reinhard K.SCHIEMANN 《大气科学进展》2018,35(8):1049-1062

Recent work has shown the dominance of the Himalaya in supporting the Indian summer monsoon(ISM),perhaps by surface sensible heating along its southern slope and by mechanical blocking acting to separate moist tropical flow from drier midlatitude air.Previous studies have also shown that Indian summer rainfall is largely unaffected in sensitivity experiments that remove only the Tibetan Plateau.However,given the large biases in simulating the monsoon in CMIP5 models,such results may be model dependent.This study investigates the impact of orographic forcing from the Tibetan Plateau,Himalaya and Iranian Plateau on the ISM and East Asian summer monsoon(EASM) in the UK Met Office's Had GEM3-GA6 and China's Institute of Atmospheric Physics FGOALS-FAMIL global climate models.The models chosen feature oppositesigned biases in their simulation of the ISM rainfall and circulation climatology.The changes to ISM and EASM circulation across the sensitivity experiments are similar in both models and consistent with previous studies.However,considerable differences exist in the rainfall responses over India and China,and in the detailed aspects such as onset and retreat dates.In particular,the models show opposing changes in Indian monsoon rainfall when the Himalaya and Tibetan Plateau orography are removed.Our results show that a multi-model approach,as suggested in the forthcoming Global Monsoon Model Intercomparison Project(GMMIP) associated with CMIP6,is needed to clarify the impact of orographic forcing on the Asian monsoon and to fully understand the implications of model systematic error.  相似文献   

大洋钻探（ODP）与测井地质研究   总被引：2，自引：2，他引：2  

刘光鼎  李庆谋 《地球物理学进展》1997,12(3):1-8

ＯＤＰ是ＤＳＤＰ的继续，它验证了岩石层板块构造理论，揭示出晚中生代以来的全球气候变化过过程，还带动了一批新学科，如层序地层学，锶同位素地层学的出现，使地质学从零星的描述发展到地球系统研究阶段。同时，使测井技术层次由油气，煤炭测井上升到测井地质的成因研究。  相似文献   

加强地质科技项目管理 助力新时期找矿突破     

王英超  刘志逊  刘玉霞 《地质论评》2016,62(S1):131-132

找矿突破战略行动自实施以来,取得了一系列成果,重要和紧缺矿种新增资源储量保持较快增长,国内矿产资源保障能力增强。通过近5年的探索和努力,找矿效果显著,新发现一批重要矿产地,新增一批矿产资源,发现并查明了大湖塘钨矿床、大营铀矿床、沙坪沟钼矿床等一批世界级矿床,西藏甲玛铜矿床、多龙铜矿床、青海夏日哈木镍矿床等一批超大型矿床,并有望形成西藏扎西康铅锌矿床、贵州铜仁锰矿床等一批新的资源基地,对于立足国内资源保障,优化矿产资源格局具有重要的推动作用。2015年,全国地质勘查投资总额为899.3亿元,新发现主要固体矿产大中型矿产地144处。  相似文献   

Strengthening regional governance to protect the marine environment in Northeast Asia: From a fragmented to an integrated approach     

Suh-Yong Chung 《Marine Policy》2010

Northeast Asia is failing in its attempts to protect its regional seas from irreversible ecological damage and contamination. At the policy level, the regional architecture for marine protection has several glaring structural problems that need to be identified and resolved in an expeditious and politically sensitive manner. Although the UNDP/GEF Yellow Sea Large Marine Ecosystem Project (YS LME) and the Northwest Pacific Action Plan (NOWPAP) are the two most likely institutions from which to build the next phase of regional marine cooperation, synergies between the two institutions remain limited. Both institutions are endowed with unique opportunities, challenges and limitations that must be taken into full consideration when planning the next step of coordinated action for regional marine protection. For the purpose of developing a more effective phase of marine cooperation in Northeast Asia, this paper advocates the formation of a Marine Environmental Community based on an integrated approach towards Northeast Asia's regional marine programs. This will facilitate improvements in funding, policy coordination through high level policy dialogue, transparency and efficiency of information sharing systems and full participation of all the coastal states in the region.  相似文献   

引黄入晋工程施工测量的特殊问题之综述     

田青文  栾卫东 《地球科学与环境学报》2000,22(2)

万家寨引黄入晋工程是一项大型的国家重点调水工程 ,工程总设计造价 180亿元。目前 ,对于从万家寨到太原的一期工程而言 ,大多数工程已经阶段性竣工 ,其余工程也正在施工 ,预计 2 0 0 1年通水到太原。从它的超长距离、大流量、多隧洞、超长隧洞和具有大型地下泵站等特点来看 ,确系全国之最、举世罕见。在该工程的施工测量中 ,有许多施工测量工作是超规范作业 ,存在着大量的特殊问题需要进行研究。作者对这些问题进行了大量深入地研究 ,取得了一些有益的结论。这些结论已经被应用于该工程的施工测量中 ,并且它们的正确性大部分已被工程实践所验证  相似文献   

21世纪前期中国降水预估及其订正     

张蓓  戴新刚  杨阳 《大气科学》2019,43(6):1385-1398

用全球格点分析数据集（CRU TSv4.0）月降水资料和24个CMIP5（Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5）模式历史模拟数据以及RCP4.5情景下的预估数据,分析了多模式集合平均降水的偏差特征并进行了扣除模式气候漂移和一元对数差分回归订正。结果表明,模式降水在西部和北部明显偏多,东南沿海偏少;冷季（11月至次年4月）在全国大部分地区模式降水偏多,暖季（5～10月）东南沿海季风区偏少。1956～2005年多模式集合平均历史模拟降水偏差中84%属于气候漂移,其余是偏差的非定常模态。扣除气候漂移后,RCP4.5情景下2006～2015年中国模式降水预估偏差减小90%以上,大部分地区降水偏差百分率分布在±5%以内,仅在青藏高原西部和西北中部等地区模式降水偏多10%～40%;暖季降水偏差分布与年降水量类似;冷季偏差较大,北方降水偏多,南方偏少。检验表明,一元线性对数差分回归方程订正后,模式降水对于2006～2015年期间西南和江南中部的干旱少雨气候均能再现,且距平同号率高于多模式集合平均和扣除气候漂移的结果。用该方法对RCP4.5情景下2016～2035年模式预估降水进行订正,结果显示,南方（淮河以南）降水减少5%～20%,河套、内蒙古和华北北部减少20%～40%,东北南部、淮河流域、西北大部增加10%～40%及以上,东南沿海和台湾省降水增加10%～20%。以上降水预估结果说明,在RCP4.5情景下,21世纪前期持续十年的西南干旱会略有缓解,但南方降水偏少格局变化不大,淮河流域和三江源区及其以西等地降水可能明显增加。中国降水异常分布总体呈现南北少、中间多的格局,但北方和西部高山地带的降水预估存在较大的不确定性。  相似文献