Spatio‐temporal distribution of actual evapotranspiration in the Indus Basin Irrigation System          下载免费PDF全文

Umar Waqas Liaqat  Minha Choi  Usman Khalid Awan 《水文研究》2015,29(11):2613-2627

Strategic planning of optimal water use requires an accurate assessment of actual evapotranspiration (ET_a) to understand the environmental and hydrological processes of the world's largest contiguous irrigation networks, including the Indus Basin Irrigation System (IBIS) in Pakistan. The Surface Energy Balance System (SEBS) has been used successfully for accurate estimations of ET_a in different river basins throughout the world. In this study, we examined the application of SEBS using publically available remote sensing data to assess spatial variations in water consumption and to map water stress from daily to annual scales in the IBIS. Ground‐based ET_a was calculated by the advection‐aridity method, from nine meteorological sites, and used to evaluate the intra‐annual seasonality in the hydrological year 2009–2010. In comparison with the advection‐aridity, SEBS computed daily ET_a was slightly underestimated with a bias of ?0.15 mm day^?1 during the kharif (wet; April–September) season, and it was overestimated with a bias of 0.23 mm day^?1 in the rabi (dry; October–March) season. Monthly values of the ET_a estimated by SEBS were significantly (P < 0.05) controlled by mean air temperature and rainfall, among other climatological variables (relative humidity, sunshine hours and wind speed). Because of the seasonal (kharif and rabi) differences in the water and energy budget in the huge canal command areas of the IBIS, ET_a and rainfall were positively correlated in the kharif season and were negatively correlated during the rabi season. In addition, analysis of the evaporation process showed that mixed‐cropping and rice–wheat dominated areas had lower and higher water consumption rates, respectively, in comparison with other cropping systems in the basin. Basin areas under water stress were identified by means of spatial variations in the relative evapotranspiration, which had an average value of 0.59 and 0.42 during the kharif and the rabi seasons, respectively. The hydrological parameters used in this study provide useful information for understanding hydrological processes at different spatial and temporal scales. Results of this study further suggest that the SEBS is useful for evaluation of water resources in semi‐arid to arid regions over longer periods, if the data inputs are carefully handled. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

南海北部陆架南北卫浅滩的成因及油气地质意义   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

栾锡武  孙钿奇  彭学超 《地质学报》2012,86(4):626-640

世界范围内的陆架调查已经清楚,陆架浅滩是普遍发育于陆架区的一种海底地貌类型。在中国陆架上发育多个知名浅滩,这些浅滩和现今动力条件处于动态平衡状态,为现今潮流沉积体系。然而,南海北部陆架的南北卫浅滩在地貌上被称为陆架浅滩,但其成因却和其他陆架浅滩有着根本不同。根据地震剖面解释结果,本文指出,南海北部珠江口东南陆架上发育的南卫滩、北卫滩和惠州滩都属于构造地形,其下部各对应一个底辟构造。这3个底辟构造并不是孤立的,而是在深部属于同一个较大的背冲构造。这个背冲构造位于南北卫滩的下方,其上几个突出的底辟,则和本文讨论的南卫滩、北卫滩和惠州滩相对应。南卫滩、北卫滩和惠州滩在成因上具有统一的深部背景,从而在平面上构成一个统一的底辟系统,本文称为南北卫滩底辟系统。该底辟系统以北卫滩为中心,包括南卫滩、惠州滩和陆丰滩,形成一个大致呈圆形,直径约50km的区域。在构造上,该底辟系统位于珠一坳陷和东沙隆起之间。南北卫滩底辟系统的发育起因于东沙隆起后在南海东北部形成的挤压应力环境。底辟系统的发育活化了惠陆-东沙含油气系统的输导层,并重新调整了油气运移的势差和势梯度,在环绕南北卫滩底辟系统一定距离的圆周上形成一个有利于油气聚集的环带。已知的油气田基本分布于这个环带上。下一步的油气勘探方向应该考虑围绕这个环带重点展开。同时,应该考虑在南北卫滩底辟系统的中心带内开展气藏的勘探工作。  相似文献   

石花洞8层溶洞展示北京西山新构造运动的隆升     

吕金波 《城市地质》2012,(4):41-45

北京大石河南岸从上游至下游依次分布鸡毛洞、银狐洞、石花洞、清风洞和孔水洞,由一条地下暗河将其连为一体,称为石花洞系。石花洞系为多层溶洞,可分为上下8层,即洞外山顶穿洞（唐县期）和洞穴上下7层。多层溶洞的每一层形成于岩溶水的水平流动带,新近纪以来,随着北京西山间歇性隆升,形成上下不同海拔高度的8层溶洞,可以和北京西山永定河的8级阶地对比,也可以和G．B．Barbour划分的8次华北地文期对比。石花洞的8层溶洞显示北京西山的8次抬升。  相似文献   

Comment on “Antarctica — Before and after Gondwana” by S.D. Boger Gondwana Research, Volume 19, Issue 2, March 2011, Pages 335-371     

N.G. Direen 《Gondwana Research》2012,21(1):302-304

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用质子磁力仪测定岩（矿）石标本几个问题     

樊金生  张云明  郭文波  王晓燕 《物探与化探》2012,(2):250-252,259

在前人研究的基础上,针对用质子磁力仪进行岩（矿）石标本磁性参数测定和计算过程中遇到的测定位置含糊不清、T0取值单位不正确、标本面的编号混乱以及出现负磁化率等问题,从最初对磁秤法测定磁参数高斯位置的定义和公式推导过程人手,从原理上分析了质子磁力仪与磁秤法测定磁参数的不同之处,对质子磁力仪标本测定时的高斯第一位置和高斯第二位置、标本面的编号、测定顺序、地磁场的取值单位等进行明确说明,同时对视磁化率出现负值的原因进行分析,并提出了相应的改进措施,对今后用质子磁力仪进行岩（矿）石标本磁性参数测定和计算有一定的帮助。  相似文献   

Landslide Susceptibility Mapping and Evaluation along a River Valley in China   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

LI Yanrong  Adnan AYDIN  XIANG Xiqiong  JU Nengpan  ZHAO Jianjun  Ahmet OZBEK 《《地质学报》英文版》2012,86(4):1022-1030

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新疆东昆仑托库孜达板—野狼沟一带地质背景及找矿方向     

杨宇  付晓婷  宋茂德 《吉林地质》2012,31(2):11-13,24

托库孜达板—野狼沟地区分布于祁曼塔格成矿域西段,是白干湖成矿带的一部分,区内岩性主要为石炭系喀拉米兰河群火山岩,浅成岩及花岗岩广泛分布,又位于在阿尔金断裂带及昆中断裂带的交汇部位,两断裂的次一级在区内特别发育。从以往1/50万化探成果及1/5万遥感解译成果看,矿致异常在区内大面积分布。近年发现的野狼沟铜多金属矿于石炭系次火山岩及北西向断裂构造关系密切。所有地物化遥等特征都预示了该区良好的找矿前景。  相似文献   

云南金平勐拉峨眉山玄武岩型铜矿矿化规律   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

杨昌毕  王明聪 《云南地质》2012,(2):177-181,158

赋矿的峨眉山玄武岩系以爆发相角砾状玄武岩为底,沉积相凝灰岩为顶,可明显划分为三大火山喷发旋回和三岩性段,每一喷发旋回分别对应Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ铜矿化层,喷发旋回与铜矿(化)体(层)间存在明显的对应关系,工业矿体由后期含矿构造热液叠加再富集而成。  相似文献   

安徽淮北地区寒武系“崮山阶”—凤山阶新知     

纵瑞文  刘琦  龚一鸣 《地层学杂志》2012,(3):653-661

根据三叶虫Acanthometopus obesus、Trianguraspis nodus、Petalocephalus laevis、Taishaniasp.等的发现,将淮北地区捻山剖面原属凤山阶的地层划归长山阶,以Acanthometopus带作为该区长山阶最顶部的三叶虫带,淮北地区凤山阶与长山阶的界线应在Ptychaspis-Tsinania带与Acanthometopus带之间;通过与标准剖面及邻近地区的对比,淮北地区的崮山组应予解体,原崮山组上部与炒米店组岩性一致,应划入炒米店组,其下部岩性与张夏组一致,应划入张夏组,淮北地区无崮山组。淮北地区的炒米店组跨越了整个长山阶和凤山阶中下部,据岩性差异可分为上、下两段;炒米店组在华北地区具有明显的穿时性,其底界从长山阶底界跨至凤山阶顶界。  相似文献   

Asteroid (21) Lutetia as a remnant of Earth’s precursor planetesimals     

P. Vernazza  P. Lamy  O. Groussin  T. Hiroi  L. Jorda  P.L. King  M.R.M. Izawa  F. Marchis  M. Birlan  R. Brunetto 《Icarus》2011,216(2):650-659

Isotopic and chemical compositions of meteorites, coupled with dynamical simulations, suggest that the main belt of asteroids between Mars and Jupiter contains objects formed in situ as well as a population of interlopers. These interlopers are predicted to include the building blocks of the terrestrial planets as well as objects that formed beyond Neptune ( [Bottke et al., 2006] , [Levison et al., 2009] and [Walsh et al., 2011] ). Here we report that the main belt asteroid (21) Lutetia – encountered by the Rosetta spacecraft in July 2010 – has spectral (from 0.3 to 25 μm) and physical (albedo, density) properties quantitatively similar to the class of meteorites known as enstatite chondrites. The chemical and isotopic compositions of these chondrites indicate that they were an important component of the formation of Earth and other terrestrial planets. This meteoritic association implies that Lutetia is a member of a small population of planetesimals that formed in the terrestrial planet region and that has been scattered in the main belt by emerging protoplanets (Bottke et al. 2006) and/or by the migration of Jupiter (Walsh et al. 2011) early in its history. Lutetia, along with a few other main-belt asteroids, may contains part of the long-sought precursor material (or closely related materials) from which the terrestrial planets accreted.  相似文献