Comparison of Soil Moisture in Different Soil Layers between Three Typical Forests in the Upper Reaches of Lijiang River Basin,Southern China     

LI Haifang  LIU Qinghua  LI Shimei  LI Wei  YANG Jinming 《资源与生态学报(英文版)》2019,10(3):307-314

Throughfall, stemflow, evapotranspiration and infiltration are likely to vary with forest types, and consequently affect soil moisture regimes in different soil layers. In this study, the spatial and temporal characteristics of soil moisture were investigated to understand variations in soil moisture in three typical forests, including Phyllostachys pubescens forest (abbreviated as PPF), Schima superba forest (abbreviated as SSF) and Cunninghamia lanceolata forest (abbreviated as CLF) in the upper reaches of Lijiang River basin in southern China. The results showed that, (1) Litterfall and soil physical properties differed significantly in the three typical forests. Infiltration capacity in SSF was more favorable to soil moisture than in PPF and CLF. (2) Large variations were found in soil moisture at different forest stands and depths. Due to complicated vertical structures, there were obvious differences in soil moisture from the 0-20 cm soil layer to the 50-80 cm soil layer. (3) Average soil moisture in each layer was higher in SSF than in PPF and CLF. (4) Soil moisture in different layers correlated closely with precipitation (P<0.01) and the three typical forests had the same change trends with rainfall during the studying period. (5) In topsoil, soil moisture was influenced by soil properties which were mostly determined by litterfall, while in deep soil, soil moisture was affected by variations of soil characteristics, which were mostly determined by root distribution. This study provides a scientific basis for better understanding the relationships between forest vegetation and its hydrological effects, helping to facilitate water resources conservation and achieving wise forest management in the upper reaches of Lijiang River basin.  相似文献   

黄土高原北部丘陵沟壑区近160年土壤侵蚀量演变及其对ENSO事件的响应     

王夏青  夏梦婷  许建伟  彭保发  唐湘玲 《地理科学》2019,39(7):1174-1183

对形成于1851~1861年的靖边（JB）聚湫内22.75 m沉积序列进行完整钻探,并基于XRF Core Scanning的元素分布划分旋回和年际冻融层,在高精度定年的基础上计算旋回及年际产沙量和产沙模数。结果表明：JB聚湫沉积序列由126个旋回叠加而成,且形成于1855~2014年的78 个年份中。JB聚湫内旋回产沙量和产沙模数变化范围分别为0.27×10 ⁴~22.44×10 ⁴t和0.09×10 ⁴~7.82×10 ⁴t/km ²;年际产沙量和产沙模数范围分别为0.27×10 ⁴~90.73×10 ⁴t/a和0.09×10 ⁴~23.40×10 ⁴t/(km ²·a)。 ENSO事件显著影响JB流域强降水作用下的侵蚀产沙,且在El Ni?o次年和La Ni?a年份发生侵蚀产沙的频率较高,可能是这些年份中东亚季风增强后带来更多强降水事件的结果。研究结果有效延长了黄土高原北部丘陵沟壑区小流域土壤侵蚀演变历史,充分理解ENSO事件驱动下该地区侵蚀产沙的响应,为黄土高原北部坝库建设、水土流失治理和防洪减灾等提供理论依据。  相似文献   

南沙群岛海区NS97-13柱样沉积物磁化率各向异性研究     

汤贤赞  陈木宏  刘建国  张兰兰  陈忠 《海洋学报》2009,31(6):69-76

通过南海南沙群岛海区NS97-13柱样磁化率各向异性系统测试、统计计算和测年等分析,给出了沉积物的磁化率椭球几何形态,重建了研究海区的古水流方向、沉积物的沉积形式。研究结果表明:(1)压扁型椭球(E>1)的择优方向位于磁性线理-磁性叶理直线的上方,夹角β的范围为0°<β≤33.14°,拉长型椭球(E<1)的择优方向位于磁性线理-磁性叶理直线的下方,夹角α的范围为33.14°<α<56.86°,指示磁性颗粒沉降时受动力作用的大小及其受力方向不同;(2)由磁化率各向异性参数(磁性线理-各向异性度,磁性叶理-各向异性度)确定的沉积物有改造沉积、再沉积和稳定沉积三种形式,前两种形式掺杂在稳定沉积层中的不同部位,构成部分混合沉积;(3)最大磁化率和中间磁化率的轴向分布表征研究海区距今近62 ka以来古水流方向主要为南北和北东-南西向,总磁化率记录了Heinrich层中的冷事件H1—H6。  相似文献   

Effect of bed roughness on turbulent boundary layer and net sediment transport under asymmetric waves     

Suntoyo  Hitoshi Tanaka 《Coastal Engineering》2009

This paper presents an investigation of the roughness effects in the turbulent boundary layer for asymmetric waves by using the baseline (BSL) k–ω model. This model is validated by a set of the experimental data with different wave non-linearity index, N_i (namely, N_i = 0.67, N_i = 0.60 and N_i = 0.58). It is further used to simulate asymmetric wave velocity flows with several values of the roughness parameter (a_m/k_s) which increase gradually, namely from a_m/k_s = 35 to a_m/k_s = 963. The effect of the roughness tends to increase the turbulent kinetic energy and to decrease the mean velocity distribution in the inner boundary layer, whereas in the outer boundary layer, the roughness alters the turbulent kinetic energy and the mean velocity distribution is relatively unaffected. A new simple calculation method of bottom shear stress based on incorporating velocity and acceleration terms is proposed and applied into the calculation of the rate of bed-load transport induced by asymmetric waves. And further, the effect of bed roughness on the bottom shear stress and bed-load sediment transport under asymmetric waves is examined with the turbulent model, the newly proposed method, and the existing calculation method. It is found that the higher roughness elements increase the magnitude of bottom shear stress along a wave cycle and consequently, the potential net sediment transport rate. Moreover, the wave non-linearity also shows a big impact on the bottom shear stress and the net sediment transport.  相似文献   

An abyssal recipe     

Kurt L. Polzin   《Ocean Modelling》2009,30(4):298-309

Fine- and microstructure observations indicate bottom-intensified turbulent dissipation above rough bathymetry associated with internal wave breaking. Simple analytic representations for the depth profile of turbulent dissipation are proposed here under the assumption that the near bottom wavefield is dominated by a baroclinic tide. This scheme is intended for use in numerical models and thus captures only the gross features of detailed solutions to the energy balance of the internal wavefield. The possible sensitivity of the magnitude and vertical variability of the dissipation rate profile to various environmental parameters is discussed. An expression for the diapycnal buoyancy flux is presented that explicitly treats the difference between the height of an isopycnal above the mean bottom and the actual bottom. This returns a diapycnal velocity estimate that is consistent with both tracer observations of downwelling and a basin scale mass budget that requires upwelling.  相似文献   

华北克拉通南部前寒武纪重大地质事件构造响应的GIS统计分析——以中条-豫西地区为例     

陈东越  陈建平  王勤  李彩凤  殷骏  杨星辰 《岩石学报》2015,31(6):1722-1734

位于华北克拉通南部的中条-豫西地区记录了华北克拉通复杂、多阶段构造演化历史。其中,前寒武纪时期经历了新太古代末期(2550~2350Ma)地壳增生、古元古代(2350~1850Ma)活动带和早中元古代(1800~1600Ma)多期裂解活动,是研究区构造-岩浆活动最为剧烈的阶段。丰富的构造事件形成多层构造层,并发育大量构造形迹。本文依据GIS数据统计分析断裂切穿地层单元年代新老关系的规律,即构造运动的发生时间晚于构造形迹切穿的所有地层单元时代;如果构造形迹的发育被某一地层单元所限制,则表明构造运动的发生早于该地层的结束时间,并结合构造形迹的样式、规模、方位、强度和构造建造特征来解析构造作用性质,探讨构造演化,挖掘前寒武纪不同构造演化阶段形成的主体构造形迹的数字特征。在本项研究中,首先提取研究区内切穿Ar构造单元并限制在Pt地层单元内的构造形迹,代表前寒武纪时期的主体构造形迹特征。其次,运用GIS技术提取Pt1-Pt2期间不整合面,删去切穿不整合面的构造形迹,进一步筛选出Ar-Pt2期间主体构造形迹并统计其走向和长度,进而初步确定了Ar-Pt2期间的主要构造方位特征是NEE/NWW/近SN向。最后,依据构造形态、构造建造特征和地球物理场特征,结合区域构造演化史确定不同构造层主体构造方位特征,代表了不同构造演化阶段形成的主体构造形迹。其中,新太古代末期形成的主体构造形迹的方位特征是NE/NW向;古元古代构造层主体构造形迹的方位特征是NEE/NWW向;早中元古代构造层主体构造形迹的方位特征是近EW向。  相似文献   

Valorization of harbor dredged sediment activated with blast furnace slag in road layers     

Abdelwaheb Ben Slama  Nesma Feki  Daniel Levacher  Moncef Zairi 《国际泥沙研究》2021,36(1):127-135

The valorization solutions for dredged sediment have been the subject of a great number of investigations over the previous decades.In the current present study,treatment of polluted dredged sediment fom the commercial port of Sfax,Tunisia,is proposed.An industrial byproduct(blast furnace slag)was used to bind raw sediment for a reuse in road engineering.Following standards of this field,the raw sediment first was identified and classified according to the French technical guidance.Then an environmental assessment was applied due to the presence of heavy metals.The concentrations were measured on the raw sediment particles so as to control the binding effect on heavy metals.Sediment mixtures consisted of a mix of sand and a blast furnace slag activated with quicklime.Different mixtures were tested and some were proposed for sub-layer applications.The Sfax commercial port raw sediment is considered as a sandy loam with a very low fraction of clay.The measured concentrations of heavy metals exceed the recommended thresholds for cadmium,copper,lead,and zinc.These can induce hazardous effects in the case of their dumping into the sea.On the other hand,the concentrations of the detected elements after leaching tests run on raw sediment samples are very low compared to the thresholds;such results highlight a possible recycling of the raw sediment in subgrade layers without any negative impact.Suitable formulations were deduced for road engineering tests relying on the ratio the California Bearing Ratio index and the immediate bearing index.If the obtained ratio exceeds one,the treated sediment can be recycled and used in road layers.  相似文献   

“全球变暖”背景下的全球温度时空变化特征   总被引：6，自引：1，他引：6  

张秀年  严华生  郭世昌 《热带气象学报》2004,20(5):561-570

通过对各种温度资料所作的统计分析,得到全球变暖背景下的全球温度的时空变化特征.结果表明:二十世纪初以来,总体来讲全球、南半球、北半球均出现了强烈的增温;这种增温过程中存在着很大的地区差异和季节差异,甚至有些区域在某些时段出现了很强的降温;南北半球在这些变化过程中表现出了很大的差异;对流层上层的温度变化要强于对流层下层的温度变化;冬季的增温要明显地高于夏季,冬夏温差有减小的趋势.  相似文献   

旅游活动对龙宫景区不同植被层物种多样性的影响   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

李龙  殷红梅 《中国岩溶》2013,32(2):218-224

按照旅游活动程度的强弱将景区分为活动区、缓冲区和对照区,并利用6个物种多样性指数,研究了龙宫风景区旅游活动对不同植被层物种多样性的影响.结果表明,随着游客的大量增多及龙宫风景区基础设施建设的加强,风景区物种组成越来越少,多样性与结构越来越简单.主要表现在:(1)乔木层的丰富度上,表现出缓冲区最大,活动区最小,对照区介于两者之间;在物种均匀度上,表现出活动区＞对照区＞缓冲区的趋势;在物种多样性上,活动区最小,缓冲区其次,对照区最大;从生态优势度来看,对照区最大,活动区最小,缓冲区介于其中.(2)灌木层的物种丰富度上,表现出活动区最小,对照区其次,而缓冲区为最大的趋势;在物种均匀度上,对照区最大,活动区次之,缓冲区最小;在物种多样性上,活动区最小,缓冲区其次,对照区最大;从生态优势度来看,对照区最大,活动区最小,缓冲区介于其中.(3)草本层的物种丰富度上,表现出对照区最小,活动区其次,而缓冲区为最大的趋势;在物种均匀度上,对照区最小,活动区次之,缓冲区最大;在物种多样性上,对照区最小,缓冲区最大,活动区介于其中;从生态优势度来看,呈现出缓冲区＞活动区＞对照区的趋势.  相似文献   

覆岩离层三维力学模拟有限元接触算法及其应用     

伍泽东  薛爱民  曹丁涛 《地质力学学报》2013,19(3):325-333

针对覆岩离层这一特殊的接触问题提出了新的接触算法,并采用大规模并行计算方法实现了对离层进行真正三维的力学模拟,从而得到覆岩离层空间几何形态参数.以济宁二号煤矿西部十一采区为研究实例,验证了算法的适用性及有效性.  相似文献