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1.
《Ocean Modelling》2010,31(4):298-309
Fine- and microstructure observations indicate bottom-intensified turbulent dissipation above rough bathymetry associated with internal wave breaking. Simple analytic representations for the depth profile of turbulent dissipation are proposed here under the assumption that the near bottom wavefield is dominated by a baroclinic tide. This scheme is intended for use in numerical models and thus captures only the gross features of detailed solutions to the energy balance of the internal wavefield. The possible sensitivity of the magnitude and vertical variability of the dissipation rate profile to various environmental parameters is discussed. An expression for the diapycnal buoyancy flux is presented that explicitly treats the difference between the height of an isopycnal above the mean bottom and the actual bottom. This returns a diapycnal velocity estimate that is consistent with both tracer observations of downwelling and a basin scale mass budget that requires upwelling. 相似文献
2.
B. A. Kagan E. V. Sofina A. A. Timofeev 《Izvestiya Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics》2010,46(2):224-231
In order to reproduce the diapycnal mixing induced by internal tidal waves (ITWs) in the Arctic Ocean, we use a modified version
of the three-dimensional finite-element hydrothermodynamic model QUODDY-4. We found that the average (over the tidal cycle)
and integral (by depth) baroclinic tidal energy dissipation rate in individual areas of the Siberian continental shelf and
in the straits between the Canadian Arctic archipelago are much higher than in the open ocean and its values on ridges and
troughs are qualitatively similar to one another. Moreover, in the area of open-ocean ridges, the baroclinic tidal energy
dissipation rate increases as it approaches the bottom, but only in the bottom boundary layer; on the Mid-Atlantic and Hawaii
ridges, such an increase is observed within a few hundreds of meters away from the bottom. The average (in area and depth
of the open ocean) coefficient of diapycnal mixing defined by the baroclinic tidal energy dissipation rate is higher than
the coefficient of molecular kinematic viscosity and only a few times lower than the canonical value of the coefficient of
vertical turbulent viscosity, which is used in models of global oceanic circulation. Coupled with the reasoning on the localization
of baroclinic tidal energy dissipation, this fact leads to the conclusion that disregarding the contribution that ITW-induced
diapycnal mixing makes to the ocean-climate formation is hardly justified. 相似文献
3.
Estimates of mixing on the South China Sea shelf 总被引：3，自引：3，他引：0
1 Introduction The outer shelf of the South China Sea is a di- verse environment characterized by sharp changes in bottom topography (Wang et al., 2002). Internal wave and diapycnal mixing may be a vital mechanism con- trolling the distribution of physical water properties, nutrient fluxes, and concentrations of particulate mat- ter. Therefore, the research on diapycnal mixing on the outer shelf in the South China Sea is of great impor- tance to explore the level and variability of the abov… 相似文献
4.
The pattern and magnitude of the global ocean overturning circulation is believed to be strongly controlled by the distribution
of diapycnal diffusivity below 1000 m depth. Although wind stress fluctuation is a candidate for the major energy sources
of diapycnal mixing processes, the global distribution of wind-induced diapycnal diffusivity is still uncertain. It has been
believed that internal waves generated by wind stress fluctuations at middle and high latitudes propagate equatorward until
their frequency is twice the local inertial frequency and break down via parametric subharmonic instabilities, causing diapycnal
mixing. In order to check the proposed scenario, we use a vertically two-dimensional primitive equation model to examine the
spatial distribution of “mixing hotspots” caused by wind stress fluctuations. It is shown that most of the wind-induced energy
fed into the ocean interior is dissipated within the top 1000 m depth in the wind-forced area and the energy dissipation rate
at low latitudes is very small. Consequently, the energy supplied to diapycnal mixing processes below 1000 m depth falls short
of the level required to sustain the global ocean overturning circulation. 相似文献
5.
Locally enhanced turbulent mixing over rough bottom bathymetry is one of the candidates that might make up for the lack of
diapycnal diffusivity in maintaining the global overturning circulation. In the present study, using a two-dimensional vertical
numerical model for the Brazil Basin, we numerically examine the intensity and vertical structure of tide-induced mixing over
multi-beam bottom bathymetry via the comparison with those over somewhat smoothed bottom bathymetry. Note that even this smoothed
bottom bathymetry is finer than in commonly used datasets. In comparison to the response over the smoothed bottom bathymetry,
energy dissipation rates are enhanced within a few hundred meters over the multi-beam bottom bathymetry. In spite of several
limitations of the two-dimensional vertical numerical model, the magnitude and vertical distribution of the calculated dissipation
rates agree well with those from microstructure measurements. We find that tidal interaction with fine-scale (≤2 km) bottom
bathymetry efficiently generates high wavenumber internal waves, which are subject to local energy dissipation and hence strongly
control the abyssal mixing; the most important finding is that the intensity and vertical decay scale of abyssal mixing are
in a trade-off relationship with each other, which is not taken into account in the existing parameterizations. 相似文献
6.
7.
It is well known that, within the linear nonviscous equations of tidal dynamics, the amplitudes of oscillations of the barotropic and baroclinic tidal velocity components unlimitedly increase when approaching the critical latitude. It is also known that the linear equations of tidal dynamics with a constant and specified vertical eddy viscosity indicate the occurrence of significant tidal velocity shears in the near-bottom layer, which are responsible for increasing the baroclinic tidal energy dissipation, the turbulent kinetic energy, and the thickness of the bottom boundary layer. The first circumstance—the growth of the amplitudes of oscillations of the barotropic and baroclinic tidal velocity components—is due to the elimination in the original equations of small terms, which are small everywhere except for the critical latitude zone. The second circumstance—the occurrence of significant tidal velocity shears—is due to the fact that internal tidal waves, which induce the dissipation of the baroclinic tidal energy and the diapycnal diffusion, are either not taken into account or described inadequately. It is suggested that diapycnal diffusion can lead to the degeneration (complete or partial) of tidal velocity shears, with all the ensuing consequences. The aforesaid is confirmed by simulation results obtained using the QUODDY-4 high-resolution three-dimensional finite-element hydrostatic model along the 66.25° E section, which passes in the Kara Sea across the critical latitude. 相似文献
8.
Estimates of Energy Dissipation Rates in the Three-Dimensional Deep Ocean Internal Wave Field 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Using the “Eikonal Approach” (Henyey et al., 1986), we estimate energy dissipation rates in the three-dimensional Garrett-Munk internal wave field. The total energy dissipation rate within the undisturbed GM internal wave field is found to be 4.34 × 10−9 W kg−1. This corresponds to a diapycnal diffusivity of about 0.3 × 10−4 m2s−1, which is less than the value 10−4 m2s−1 required to sustain the global ocean overturning circulation. Only when the high vertical wavenumber, near-inertial current shear is enhanced can diapycnal diffusivity reach ∼10−4 m2s−1. It follows that the energy supplied at low vertical wavenumbers and low frequencies is efficiently transferred to high vertical wavenumbers and near-inertial frequencies in the mixing hotspots in the real ocean. 相似文献
9.
南海是存在强湍流混合的边缘海之一, 但前人对南海湍流混合的研究更多关注的是中上层, 对底层则鲜有关注。本文基于高分辨率温度传感器于2019年5月在南海东北部22个站位海底上方0.5m处持续观测4.4d的温度数据, 分析了2216~3200m深度范围内底层海水温度的时间变化特征, 并探讨了地形粗糙度和内潮对底层湍流混合的影响。分析结果表明, 南海东北部各站位底层海水的温度变化量级约为10-4~10-3℃; 温度变化趋势与正压潮变化趋势不同, 温度能谱显示多数站位在全日和半日频带区间出现谱峰, 温度变化更多地受斜压潮影响, 全日、半日内潮起主要调制作用。陆坡-深海盆过渡区及深海盆底层的湍动能耗散率量级为10-10~10-9m2∙s-3, 涡扩散系数量级为10-4~10-3m2∙s-1。观测数据未能显示底层湍流混合与地形粗糙度存在明显的相关性。底层湍流混合的空间分布与过去观测到的南海北部深海盆内潮的南北不对称性分布一致。 相似文献
10.
利用2016年夏季长江河口现场水文特性与湍流微结构观测资料, 分析了长江河口水体温盐结构、层化发育、湍流与混合特征。结果表明: 1)夏季长江河口水体密度层化结构明显, 根据各层水体密度梯度差异, 可将水体分为底部混合层和上层密度跃层, 两部分的密度层化界限与浮力频率等值线lg N 2 = - 4.0接近。2)底部混合层湍动能耗散率大, 层化结构弱, 水体分层稳定性弱; 上层密度跃层湍动能耗散小, 层化结构强, 水体分层稳定性强, 这有利于河口内波的发育与传播。3)在密度层化的作用下, 水体的湍动能耗散率、湍动能剪切生成及浮力通量的能量关系在一定范围内符合湍动能局部能量平衡方程。不同层之间的湍流弗劳德数Frt和湍流雷诺数Ret在Frt-Ret平面上呈现明显的分区, 与经典的分层剪切流理论基本吻合。 相似文献
11.
Oceanic vertical mixing of the lower halocline water (LHW) in the Chukchi Borderland and Mendeleyev Ridge was studied based on in situ hydrographic and turbulent observations. The depth-averaged turbulent dissipation rate of LHW demonstrates a clear topographic dependence, with a mean value of 1.2×10–9 W/kg in the southwest of Canada Basin, 1.5×10–9 W/kg in the Mendeleyev Abyssal Plain, 2.4×10–9 W/kg on the Mendeleyev Ridge, and 2.7×10–9 W/kg on the Chukchi Cap. Correspondingly, the mean depth-averaged vertical heat flux of the LHW is 0.21 W/m2 in the southwest Canada Basin, 0.30 W/m2 in the Mendeleyev Abyssal Plain, 0.39 W/m2 on the Mendeleyev Ridge, and 0.46 W/m2 on the Chukchi Cap. However, in the presence of Pacific Winter Water, the upward heat released from Atlantic Water through the lower halocline can hardly contribute to the surface ocean. Further, the underlying mechanisms of diapycnal mixing in LHW—double diffusion and shear instability—was investigated. The mixing in LHW where double diffusion were observed is always relatively weaker, with corresponding dissipation rate ranging from 1.01×10–9 W/kg to 1.57×10–9 W/kg. The results also show a strong correlation between the depth-average dissipation rate and strain variance in the LHW, which indicates a close physical linkage between the turbulent mixing and internal wave activities. In addition, both surface wind forcing and semidiurnal tides significantly contribute to the turbulent mixing in the LHW. 相似文献
12.
This study presents an analysis of the CTD data and the turbulent microstructure data collected in 2014, the turbulent mixing environment above the Atlantic Water(AW) around the Chukchi Borderland region is studied.Surface wind becomes more efficient in driving the upper ocean movement along with the rapid decline of sea ice,thus results in a more restless interior of the Arctic Ocean. The turbulent dissipation rate is in the range of4.60×10~(–10)~(–3.31×10~(–9) W/kg with a mean value of 1.33×10~(–9) W/kg, while the diapycnal diffusivity is in the range of1.45×10~(–6)–1.46×10~(–5)m~2/s with a mean value of 4.84×10~(–6) m~2/s in 200–300 m(above the AW). After investigating on the traditional factors(i.e., wind, topography and tides) that may contribute to the turbulent dissipation rate, the results show that the tidal kinetic energy plays a dominating role in the vertical mixing above the AW. Besides, the swing of the Beaufort Gyre(BG) has an impact on the vertical shear of the geostrophic current and may contribute to the regional difference of turbulent mixing. The parameterized method for the double-diffusive convection flux above the AW is validated by the direct turbulent microstructure results. 相似文献
13.
14.
《Ocean Modelling》2004,6(3-4):245-263
Astronomical data reveals that approximately 3.5 terawatts (TW) of tidal energy is dissipated in the ocean. Tidal models and satellite altimetry suggest that 1 TW of this energy is converted from the barotropic to internal tides in the deep ocean, predominantly around regions of rough topography such as mid-ocean ridges. A global tidal model is used to compute turbulent energy levels associated with the dissipation of internal tides, and the diapycnal mixing supported by this energy flux is computed using a simple parameterization.The mixing parameterization has been incorporated into a coarse resolution numerical model of the global ocean. This parameterization offers an energetically consistent and practical means of improving the representation of ocean mixing processes in climate models. Novel features of this implementation are that the model explicitly accounts for the tidal energy source for mixing, and that the mixing evolves both spatially and temporally with the model state. At equilibrium, the globally averaged diffusivity profile ranges from 0.3 cm2 s−1 at thermocline depths to 7.7 cm2 s−1 in the abyss with a depth average of 0.9 cm2 s−1, in close agreement with inferences from global balances. Water properties are strongly influenced by the combination of weak mixing in the main thermocline and enhanced mixing in the deep ocean. Climatological comparisons show that the parameterized mixing scheme results in a substantial reduction of temperature/salinity bias relative to model solutions with either a uniform vertical diffusivity of 0.9 cm2 s−1 or a horizontally uniform bottom-intensified arctangent mixing profile. This suggests that spatially varying bottom intensified mixing is an essential component of the balances required for the maintenance of the ocean’s abyssal stratification. 相似文献
15.
《Coastal Engineering》2004,51(1):53-80
In this paper, a two-dimensional multi-scale turbulence model is proposed to study breaking waves. The purpose of developing this model is to produce a relatively accurate model with moderate computer requirements. The free surface is tracked by the VOF technique, the log-law profile for the mean velocity is applied at the bottom. Comparing with the Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes models (RANS), the present model shows improving agreement with experimental measurements in terms of surface elevations, particle velocities, wave height distributions and undertow profiles. The subgrid scale (SGS) turbulent transport mechanism is also discussed in the paper. It is found that turbulent production and dissipation are of the same order, but turbulent production is primarily located at the wavefront and above the wave trough, whereas turbulent dissipation is primarily located at the back face of a wave, indicating that in these regions, the assumption of equilibrium is not correct. Below the trough level, the local equilibrium assumption is reasonable. Turbulent convection and diffusion are of the same order at the trough level. Above the trough level, turbulent convection dominates. Under the spilling breaking wave, turbulent kinetic energy is continue to dissipate in the bore region, whereas under the plunging breaking wave, the turbulent kinetic energy is dissipated very rapidly within one wave period. 相似文献
16.
Observational and numerical modeling methods for quantifying coastal ocean turbulence and mixing 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
Hans Burchard Peter D. Craig Hans van Haren H.E. Markus Meier Hartmut Prandke Eric D. Skyllingstad David J.S. Welsh Hemantha W. Wijesekera 《Progress in Oceanography》2008,76(4):399-442
In this review paper, state-of-the-art observational and numerical modeling methods for small scale turbulence and mixing with applications to coastal oceans are presented in one context. Unresolved dynamics and remaining problems of field observations and numerical simulations are reviewed on the basis of the approach that modern process-oriented studies should be based on both observations and models. First of all, the basic dynamics of surface and bottom boundary layers as well as intermediate stratified regimes including the interaction of turbulence and internal waves are briefly discussed. Then, an overview is given on just established or recently emerging mechanical, acoustic and optical observational techniques. Microstructure shear probes although developed already in the 1970s have only recently become reliable commercial products. Specifically under surface waves turbulence measurements are difficult due to the necessary decomposition of waves and turbulence. The methods to apply Acoustic Doppler Current Profilers (ADCPs) for estimations of Reynolds stresses, turbulence kinetic energy and dissipation rates are under further development. Finally, applications of well-established turbulence resolving particle image velocimetry (PIV) to the dynamics of the bottom boundary layer are presented. As counterpart to the field methods the state-of-the-art in numerical modeling in coastal seas is presented. This includes the application of the Large Eddy Simulation (LES) method to shallow water Langmuir Circulation (LC) and to stratified flow over a topographic obstacle. Furthermore, statistical turbulence closure methods as well as empirical turbulence parameterizations and their applicability to coastal ocean turbulence and mixing are discussed. Specific problems related to the combined wave-current bottom boundary layer are discussed. Finally, two coastal modeling sensitivity studies are presented as applications, a two-dimensional study of upwelling and downwelling and a three-dimensional study for a marginal sea scenario (Baltic Sea). It is concluded that the discussed methods need further refinements specifically to account for the complex dynamics associated with the presence of surface and internal waves. 相似文献
17.
The variation of turbulent diapycnal mixing at 18°N in the South China Sea stirred by wind stress 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The spatial and temporal variations of turbulent diapycnal mixing along 18°N in the South China Sea(SCS) are estimated by a fine-scale parameterization method based on strain, which is obtained from CTD measurements in yearly September from 2004 to 2010. The section mean diffusivity can reach ~10~(–4)m~2/s, which is an order of magnitude larger than the value in the open ocean. Both internal tides and wind-generated near-inertial internal waves play an important role in furnishing the diapycnal mixing here. The former dominates the diapycnal mixing in the deep ocean and makes nonnegligible contribution in the upper ocean, leading to enhanced diapycnal mixing throughout the water column over rough topography. In contrast, the influence of the wind-induced nearinertial internal wave is mainly confined to the upper ocean. Over both flat and rough bathymetries, the diapycnal diffusivity has a growth trend from 2005 to 2010 in the upper 700 m, which results from the increase of wind work on the near-inertial motions. 相似文献
18.
The Mindanao Current (MC) bridges the North Pacific low-latitude western boundary current system region and the Indonesian Seas by supplying the North Pacific waters to the Indonesian Throughflow. Although the previous study speculated that the diapycnal mixing along the MC might be strong on the basis of the water mass analysis of the gridded climatologic dataset, the real spatial distribution of diapycnal mixing along the MC has remained to be clarified. We tackle this question here by applying a finescale parameterization to temperature and salinity profiles obtained using two rapid-sampling profiling Argo floats that drifted along the MC. The western boundary (WB) region close to the Mindanao Islands and the Sangihe Strait are the two mixing hotspots along the MC, with energy dissipation rate ε and diapycnal diffusivity Kρ enhanced up to?~?10–6 W kg?1 and?~?10–3 m2 s?1, respectively. Except for the above two mixing hotspots, the turbulent mixing along the MC is mostly weak, with ε and Kρ to be 10–11–10–9 W kg?1 and 10–6–10–5 m2 s?1, respectively. Strong mixing in the Sangihe Strait can be basically attributed to the existence of internal tides, whereas strong mixing in the WB region suggests the existence of internal lee waves. We also find that water mass transformation along the MC mainly occurs in the Sangihe Strait where the water masses are subjected to strong turbulent mixing during a long residence time.
相似文献19.
利用1992—2002年的温盐深数据与2012—2016年的Argo数据,基于细尺度参数化方法研究了吕宋海峡及周边海域(12°—30°N,115°—129°E)湍流混合的时空分布特征,并分析了地形粗糙度、内潮以及风输入的近惯性能通量对湍流混合的影响。结果表明,吕宋海峡和东海陆坡处具有强混合的特征,扩散率高达4×10~(-3) m~2/s,主要是由内潮产生导致的,其中吕宋海峡主要是M2、K1和O1内潮的贡献,而东海陆坡处主要是M_2内潮的贡献;南海北部也呈现较强的混合,且陆坡处的混合比海盆高1—2个量级;南海中央海盆和离岸的菲律宾海混合较弱,扩散率为O (10-5 m2/s)。此外,在研究区域内,湍流混合的年际变化和季节变化均不明显,且混合扩散率与风输入的近惯性能通量未表现出明显的季节相关。 相似文献
20.
《Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers》2001,48(5):1255-1277
Isopycnic and cartesian model simulations for the overflow and spreading of dense water are compared with each other and with independent transient-tracer observations. This case study is performed for Adriatic dense water overflowing into the deep eastern Mediterranean with chlorofluoromethane (CFC-12) observations used to test the model simulations. The realism of both types of model simulation depends on the representation of diapycnal mixing. In the cartesian model, convective adjustment and mixing dilute the overflow of Adriatic dense water and lead to unrealistic vertical homogenization. Incorporating a modified convection scheme emphasizing the sinking of dense fluid, rather than its mixing, leads to a more realistic penetration of the dense overflow. In the isopycnic model, there is an improved simulation of the overflow, which leads to the density contrast of the deep Mediterranean waters being maintained. However, there is too low a CFC-12 concentration at mid-depths unless explicit diapycnal mixing is incorporated. In each model, the different spreading of dense water is associated with a different bottom pressure torque and depth-integrated transport, and hence with contrasting tracer distributions throughout the water column. 相似文献