On Integral Measures Of The Neutral Barotropic Planetary Boundary Layer     

S. S. Zilitinkevich  I. N. Esau 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2002,104(3):371-379

Two types of neutral planetary boundary layer (PBL) are distinguished:truly neutral – developed against a neutrally stratified free flow, and conventionally neutral – developed against a background stable stratification. Atmospheric PBLs treated asneutral are almost always conventionally neutral. Theoretical reasoning and results from large-eddy simulation (LES) show that A and B coefficients of the Rossby-number similarity theory are not constants. The same is true for thecoefficient C_h in the Rossby–Montgomery formula for the neutral boundary-layer depth h = C_hu*/|f|, where u_* is the friction velocity. Contrary to classical ideas, A, B and C_h depend on the ratio _N N/|f| of the free-flow Brunt–V*auml;isäl ä frequency N to the absolute value of the Coriolis parameter |f|. This new development can explain why atmospheric and LES estimates of A, B and C_h appear inconsistent. It results from neglecting the fact that atmospheric data for _N 10² were compared with LES data for _N = 0, violating an obvious requirement of similarity with respect to _N.  相似文献   

Large-scale experimental investigation of the installation of suction caissons in silt sand     

《Applied Ocean Research》2016

Offshore wind power is a rapidly growing area of electricity in China. In the present paper, interaction mechanisms between the caisson for wind turbines and saturated silt sand are investigated with laboratory tests based on two different installation methods, jacking installation and suction installation. For the jacking installation process, the results indicate that the soil pressures inner and outer the skirt of the caisson vary with a similar feature and the magnitudes of the two are nearly balanced. The tip resistance plays a key role in the total jacking installation resistance. This paper examines the predictive performance of q_c method and API approach for jacking installation resistance. It is demonstrated that the q_c method provides better predictions. The resistance coefficients are recommended. For the case of suction installation, however, the changes of soil pressures inner and outer the skirt are contrasting. Specifically, the inner pressure and tip resistance fall dramatically, but the outer pressure increases when suction is applied. Seepage effect is found to be an important mechanism for the installation of suction caisson. The reduction ratios of the inner friction and tip resistance follow a power-function with the normalized suction. Based on the test results, a prediction method for the required suction has been developed and evaluated.  相似文献   

应用二维地震勘查恩洪盆地煤层气     

王朝栋  桂宝林  赵永学  杨德义  刘充  唐永洪 《云南地质》2004,23(4):509-514

在恩洪煤层气勘查中，为攻破难关，根据地质特点、诸多物探方法中，首选二维地震勘探，在煤层埋深大于300m以上的未经勘探区，进行区域性了解。查清区内地层发育情况，煤层埋藏深度、厚度及变化情况。了解区内断层及其性质，对主要煤层的展布进行追踪，经过勘探结果，在高原山区利用地震勘探取得了较好的地质效果。  相似文献   

B[a]P–DNA binding in early life-stages of Atlantic tomcod: population differences and chromium modulation     

C. Sorrentino  N. K. Roy  R. C. Chambers  S. C. Courtenay  I. Wirgin   《Marine environmental research》2004,58(2-5):383

Atlantic tomcod (Microgadus tomcod) from the Hudson River (HR) are resistant at the molecular and organismic levels to the effects of exposure to dioxin-like aromatic hydrocarbon (AH) compounds, but much less so to benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P). The aims of this study were to determine in early life-stages of tomcod exposed to B[a]P: (1) if DNA binding levels differed between fish from the HR and Miramichi River (MR), and (2) if co-exposure to chromium could modulate this genotoxic effect. After exposure to [³H]B[a]P alone, DNA-bound radioactivity was 5–10-fold higher in embryos and larvae of MR than HR descent. Co-exposure to chromium modulated DNA binding levels in offspring of both populations. In MR embryos, co-exposure to chromium inhibited B[a]P uptake. These results demonstrated resistance to the genotoxic effects of B[a]P in early life stages of HR tomcod at an ecologically important endpoint and suggest the ability of chromium to modulate AH-induced genotoxicity.  相似文献   

Vulnerability and resistance to neoliberal environmental changes: An assessment of agriculture and forestry in the Biobio region of Chile (1974–2014)     

《Geoforum》2015

This article examines the dynamics of double exposure, vulnerability, and resistance to neoliberal globalization and environmental change in the Chilean agricultural region of Biobio. By using climatic models and secondary Agricultural Census data from 1997 and 2007, we assess how Chilean neoliberal reforms have, since 1974, facilitated land use changes and forestry investments. We demonstrate that policy changes which incentivize forestry investments have reduced cultivated agricultural lands and native forest, and concentrated land in the hands of global agribusiness corporations. Compounding these issues, Biobio shows a climatic trend towards aridity coupled with an increasing demand for irrigation. Analyzing these conditions, we argue that the neoliberal globalization of regional agriculture under the context of climatic changes has produced a regional space of increasing vulnerabilities and uneven geographical development in Biobio. We particularly demonstrate that the Chilean mode of agricultural neoliberalization has been conducive to land dispossession—to the detriment of traditional agriculture —and has homogenized the biophysical landscape, replacing traditional crops and native forests with exotic species like pines and eucalyptus. We also examine how local producers are using resistance movements to cope with and contest neoliberal environmental changes. We conclude by evaluating the implications of these spaces of agricultural vulnerabilities and local resistances in the context of uneven geographical development at a regional and global scale.  相似文献   

沙生植物渗透调节物对干旱、高温的响应及其在抗逆性中的作用     

周瑞莲  孙国钧  王海鸥 《中国沙漠》1999,19(Z1):18-22

在科尔沁沙地选择不同类型沙地优势植物,测定了其在自然脱水、高温处理及复水后叶可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白质和脯氨酸含量的变化。结果表明,在胁迫过程中流动沙地上的沙米、欧亚旋覆花,叶片内可溶性糖积累,尤其是脯氨酸积累较高,处理12h较处理前分别增加了92.87%、10.28倍,可溶性蛋白质含量下降,在胁迫处理后植株枯死;半固定沙地上的差不嘎蒿可溶性糖增加41.57%、脯氨酸含量增加8.95倍、可溶性蛋白质下降15.04%,在两种胁迫处理后依然存活并恢复生长;固定沙地的白草和狗尾草可溶性糖增加89.82%和89.43%,脯氨酸增加2.49倍和2.53倍、可溶性蛋白质增加。因此,如果把胁迫中叶内积累的脯氨酸与胁迫后植株的存活结合起来看,两种胁迫中差不嘎蒿、狗尾草、白草体内积累的脯氨酸起保护性反应,而沙米、欧亚旋覆花的则是受害症状。  相似文献   

在干旱、高温胁迫中沙生植物抗脱水性与膜脂过氧化关系的研究     

周瑞莲  王海鸥 《中国沙漠》1999,19(Z1):59-64

在高温、自然脱水和干旱处理中不同类型沙生植物叶形态、相对含水量(RWC)、质膜相对透性、丙二醛(MDA)含量变化不同,其中流动沙地的沙米、欧亚旋覆花在胁迫中MDA积累,RWC下降快,膜透性增大,复水后MDA增多而植株死亡;半固定沙地的差不嘎蒿和固定沙地的狗尾草、白草,胁迫下MDA积累,RWC下降,但复水后RWC上升、膜透性下降,MDA下降,植株存活。自然脱水处理中植物细胞膜相对透性与膜脂过氧化成正相关,但细胞膜受损程度与MDA积累的绝对量无密切关系,而与膜忍受膜脂过氧化能力相关。  相似文献   

不同饵料及添加剂对中国对虾幼体的影响   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

朱丽岩  郑家声  王梅林  祁自忠  徐怀恕 《海洋科学》2000,24(11):41-45

在连续两年春季中国对虾育苗期间,采用几种不同的饵料－人工饵料为主、活饵料和两种强化饵料分别培育中国对虾幼体,以存活率、体长、体重、抗感染力的缺氧耐受力等指标检验育苗效果。结果表明,人工饵料为主的喂养方式各项指标均显著劣于活饵料;强化与未强化的活饵料效果相近;强化的人工饵料在体长和耐缺氧方面显著优于人工饵料,存活率略低于后者,增重和抗感染方面与后者相近。  相似文献   

Interaction of uniform current with a circular cylinder submerged below an ice sheet     

《Applied Ocean Research》2019

The problem of a uniform current passing through a circular cylinder submerged below an ice sheet is considered. The fluid flow is described by the linearized velocity potential theory, while the ice sheet is modelled through a thin elastic plate floating on the water surface. The Green function due to a source is first derived, which satisfies all the boundary conditions apart from that on the body surface. Through differentiating the Green function with respect to the source position, the multipoles are obtained. This allows the disturbed velocity potential to be constructed in the form of an infinite series with unknown coefficients which are obtained from the boundary condition. The result shows that there is a critical Froude number which depends on the physical properties of the ice sheet. Below this number there will be no flexural waves propagating to infinity and above this number there will be two waves, one on each side of the body. When the depth based Froude number is larger than 1, there will always be a wave at far upstream of the body. This is similar to those noticed in the related problem and is different from that in the free surface problem without ice sheet. Various results are provided, including the properties of the dispersion equation, resistance and lift, ice sheet deflection, and their physical features are discussed.  相似文献   

Resistance and propulsion characteristics of various commercial ships based on CFD results   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

J.E. Choi  K.-S. Min  J.H. Kim  S.B. Lee  H.W. Seo 《Ocean Engineering》2010,37(7):549-566

This paper uses computational tools to examine the speed performance of various types of commercial ships including resistance and propulsion characteristics. Eight commercial ships built in the last decade were selected for the study. They include four large-sized container carriers, one bulk carrier, one VLCC, and two LNG carriers. The Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes equation has been utilized, and the computations were executed under the same conditions of the model tests to predict the speed performance, i.e., resistance and self-propulsion. The self-propulsion point was obtained from load-varying tests. The speed performance was predicted based on the model-ship performance analysis method of the revised ITTC’78 method. The limiting streamlines on the hull, wave characteristics around the model ship, and the wake characteristics on the propeller plane were also investigated. After completing the computations, a series of model tests were conducted to evaluate the accuracy of the computational predictions. The predictions clearly reveal the differences in the resistance and propulsion characteristics regarding the various types of commercial ships, and may be applicable to hull-form design.  相似文献