Characteristics of carbonyl compounds in ambient air of Shanghai,China   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

Juan Huang  Yanli Feng  Jian Li  Bin Xiong  Jialiang Feng  Sheng Wen  Guoying Sheng  Jiamo Fu  Minghong Wu 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》2008,61(1):1-20

The levels of carbonyl compounds in Shanghai ambient air were measured in five periods from January 2007 to October 2007 (covering winter, high-air-pollution days, spring, summer and autumn). A total of 114 samples were collected and eighteen carbonyls were identified. Formaldehyde, acetaldehyde and acetone were the most abundant carbonyls and their mean concentrations of 19.40 ± 12.00, 15.92 ± 12.07 and 11.86 ± 7.04 μg m⁻³ respectively, in the daytime for five sampling periods. Formaldehyde and acetaldehyde showed similar diurnal profiles with peak mixing ratios in the morning and early afternoon during the daytime. Their mean concentrations were highest in summer and lowest in winter. Acetone showed reversed seasonal variation. The high molecular weight (HMW, ≥C5) carbonyls also showed obvious diurnal variations with higher concentrations in the daytime in summer and autumn, while they were all not detected in winter. Formaldehyde and acetaldehyde played an important role in removing OH radicals in the atmosphere, but the contribution of acetone was below 1%. The carbonyls levels in high-air-pollution days were reported. More carbonyl species with higher concentrations were found in high-air-pollution days than in spring. These carbonyls were transported with other pollutants from north and northwest in March 27 to April 2, 2007 and then mixed with local sources. Comparing with Beijing and Guangzhou, the concentrations of formaldehyde and acetaldehyde in Shanghai were the highest, which indicated that the air pollution in Shanghai was even worse than expected.  相似文献   

A Comparison Study of the Contributions of Additional Observations in the Sensitive Regions Identified by CNOP and FSV to Reducing Forecast Error Variance for the Typhoon Morakot          下载免费PDF全文

QIN Xiao-Hao 《大气和海洋科学快报》2010,3(5):258-262

The sensitive regions of conditional nonlinear optimal perturbations (CNOPs) and the first singular vector (FSV) for a northwest Pacific typhoon case are reported in this paper. A large number of probes have been designed in the above regions and the ensemble transform Kalman filter (ETKF) techniques are utilized to examine which approach can locate more appropriate regions for typhoon adaptive observations. The results show that, in general, the majority of the probes in the sensitive regions of CNOPs can reduce more forecast error variance than the probes in the sensitive regions of FSV. This implies that adaptive observations in the sensitive regions of CNOPs are more effective than in the sensitive regions of FSV. Furthermore, the reduction of the forecast error variance obtained by the best probe identified by CNOPs is twice the reduction of the forecast error variance obtained by FSV. This implies that dropping sondes, which is the best probe identified by CNOPs, can improve the forecast more than the best probe identified by FSV. These results indicate that the sensitive regions identified by CNOPs are more appropriate for adaptive observations than those identified by FSV.  相似文献   

ECC方法在中国夏季气温预测研究中的应用     

阮能  游庆龙  陈翛旸  谭桂容 《气候与环境研究》2016,21(2):221-235

以中国夏季气温为预测对象,选取东亚地区冬季500 h Pa高度场、海平面气压场、地表温度场和850 h Pa温度场为预测因子,采用1951~2009年去趋势处理后的资料,通过变形的典型相关分析(Barnett-Preisendorfer Canonical Correlation Analysis,BP-CCA)方法分别建立单因子预测模型,再利用集合典型相关分析(Ensemble Canonical Correlation,ECC)方法建立集合预测模型,对中国夏季气温进行基于交叉检验方法的预测试验,然后利用2010~2014年的资料对中国夏季气温进行独立样本检验。通过分析BP-CCA模态可知,一对BP-CCA模态的空间型在一定程度上可以反映预报因子场和对象场的遥相关特征。通过基于交叉检验方法的预测试验表明环流场和热力场均能为气温提供预测信息。ECC预测模型综合了各个预报因子的在不同地区的预报技巧,比单因子BP-CCA预测模型有更高、更稳定的预报技巧。独立样本检验表明ECC模型与单因子BP-CCA预测模型相比,对中国夏季气温有更高、更稳定的实际预测能力,对气温季节预测具有参考价值。  相似文献   

西北干旱区地气温差季节和年际变化特征的分析   总被引：11，自引：4，他引：7  

符睿  韦志刚  文军  李振朝  卢广献 《高原气象》2008,27(4)

利用西北干旱区49个气象站1961—2000年0 cm地温和气温月平均资料,采用逐级归并法、小波分析、经验正交函数(EOF)、旋转经验正交函数(REOF)方法,分析了西北干旱区地气温差的时空演变特征、气候突变和周期振荡。结果表明:西北干旱区地气温差可分为12月~2月、3月、4~6月、7~10月和11月5类,11月和12月~2月呈下降趋势,3月、4~6月和7~10月呈上升趋势,12月~2月下降幅度较大,4~6月上升幅度最大;地气温差受大尺度气候异常的影响,第一载荷向量反映了全区一致的性质;北疆区和内蒙区有异常变化存在;3月和11月的突变点为1977年,12月~2月、4~6月和7~10月的突变点为1981年;周期振荡主要以3~6年为主。  相似文献   

Spatial and temperal patterns in bacterioplankton communities across a river-lake continuum     

《Limnologica》2021

Bacterioplankton play critical roles in biogeochemical cycling. Although spatial and temporal variations in bacterioplankton community compositions (BCCs) within individual habitat have been reported, knowledge gaps remain for studies conducted within different habitats. In this work, we examined the seasonal and spatial variability of BCCs in Nanfei River and Lake Chaohu which had significant environmental heterogeneity using a high-throughput sequencing technique of 16S rRNA gene amplicons. The results showed that spatial variation has a more obvious impact on the BCCs than seasonal changes. The microbial diversity gradually decreased and BCCs changed obviously along water flow direction from Nanfei River to the western and estern parts of Lake Chaohu over all seasons. LEfSe analysis showed that Nanfei River had higer abundance of species belonging to the orders Rhodocyclales, Methylococcales, Campylobacterales and Flavobacteriales, samples from eastern part of Lake Chaohu were abundant in taxonomies including the order Rickettsiales, while the western part had high abundance of taxonomies belonging to the order Chroococcales. The redundancy analysis (RDA) indicated that BCCs in Nanfei River were associated with high nutrient (TP, PO₄-P, TN, NH₃-N, NO₂-N and NO₃-N) concentrations and electrical conductivity. Variance partitioning RDA analysis indicated that the combined effects of all variables may be most important affecting BCCs. This study may provide a framework for modeling the change in bacterioplankton communities through different habitats from a river to lake.  相似文献   

影像不同空间尺度对鲁甸植被分析的影响     

石磊  杨武年  杨彦通  陈平 《测绘科学》2017,42(3)

针对植被指数和植被覆盖度与遥感影像空间尺度的关系对高分辨率影像在植被分析中的运用具有重要影响的问题,该文提出一种确定最佳分辨率的方法。以云南鲁甸县茨院乡为研究区,先对原始影像(Worldview-2)进行重采样处理,生成一系列低分辨率影像;计算13组数据的NDVI并利用像元二分模型反演出植被覆盖度;运用信息熵理论和按照局部方差的思路等两种方法,定量分析该区植被分析的最佳分辨率。实验结果表明,随着空间分辨率的降低,NDVI值域区间呈现收敛趋势;植被覆盖度分级图斑斑块数量急剧减少,而所占面积比则保持相对平稳;信息熵中的信息量也随之减少。分析结果认为,该区进行基于Worldview-2影像植被分析的最佳空间分辨率为12m。  相似文献   

季节预测模式对东亚夏季环流的预测能力及其对热带海洋的响应分析   总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1  

顾伯辉  郑志海  封国林  王正 《大气科学》2017,41(1):91-105

东亚夏季环流变化对中国夏季降水的年际变化有重要影响,因此需要进一步理解季节预测模式对东亚夏季环流的预测能力。利用1991~2013年美国国家环境预测中心（NCEP）、中国气象局国家气候中心（NCC）和日本东京气候中心（TCC）的三个季节预测模式（CFS V2、BCC_CSM V2和MRI-CGCM）以及NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,定量评估了模式对东亚夏季风（EASM）和夏季西太平洋副热带高压（WPSH）强度的预测能力。在此基础上,分析了模式预测的EASM和WPSH对热带海温异常的响应能力,以及ENSO事件对EASM和WPSH预测的影响,阐述了预测误差产生的原因。结果表明:整体而言,三个模式对EASM和WPSH的预测技巧较高,但TCC模式对WPSH的预测技巧相对较低。三个模式预测的850 hPa风场在西北太平洋存在一个异常气旋,使得预测的EASM偏强和WPSH偏弱。同时,二者的年际变率整体比观测小。三个模式预测的EASM和WPSH对热带海洋海温异常的响应随季节演变特征与观测比较接近,但NCEP模式和TCC模式预测的EASM对前期热带太平洋和前期、同期热带印度洋的海温异常响应要强于观测,NCC模式预测的EASM对前期和同期的热带太平洋的海温异常响应明显比观测强。此外,三个模式预测的WPSH对前期和同期的热带太平洋、热带印度洋和热带大西洋的海温异常响应明显强于观测。三个模式预测的EASM和WPSH在ENSO年的平均绝对误差（MAE）整体而言要比正常年的小很多,NCEP模式和NCC模式预测的EASM和WPSH的MAE在La Ni?a年和El Ni?o年差别不大,而TCC模式预测的EASM和WPSH的MAE在El Ni?o年比在La Ni?a年大很多,表明ENSO事件是东亚夏季环流重要的可预报源。  相似文献   

BCC二代气候系统模式的季节预测评估和可预报性分析   总被引：6，自引：3，他引：3  

吴捷  任宏利  张帅  刘颖  刘向文 《大气科学》2017,41(6):1300-1315

本文利用国家气候中心（BCC）第二代季节预测模式系统历史回报数据,从确定性预报和概率预报两个方面系统地评估了该模式对气温、降水和大气环流的季节预报性能,并与BCC一代气候预测模式的结果进行了对比,重点分析了二代模式的季节可预报性问题。结果显示,BCC二代模式对全球气温、降水和环流的预报性能整体上优于一代模式,特别在热带中东太平洋、印度洋和海洋大陆地区的温度和降水的预报效果改进尤为明显。这些热带地区降水预报的改进,可以通过激发太平洋—北美型（PNA）、东亚—太平洋型（EAP）等遥相关波列提升该模式在中高纬地区的季节预报技巧。分析表明,厄尔尼诺和南方涛动（ENSO）信号在热带和热带外地区均是模式季节可预报性的重要来源,BCC二代模式能够较好把握全球大气环流对ENSO信号的响应特征,从而通过对ENSO预报技巧的改进有效地提升了模式整体的预报性能。从概率预报来看,BCC二代模式对我国冬季气温和夏季降水具备一定的预报能力,特别是对我国东部大部分地区冬季气温正异常和负异常事件预报的可靠性和辨析度相对较高。因此,进一步提高模式对热带大尺度异常信号和大气主要模态的预报能力、加强概率预报产品释用对提高季节气候预测水平具有重要意义。  相似文献   

Spatial distribution and influencing factors of interprovincial terrestrial physical geographical names in China     

Shengrui ZHANG  Yingjie WANG  Hongrun JU  Daichao LI  Lei FANG  Junhui QI  Yingying WANG  Tongyan ZHANG 《地理学报(英文版)》2018,28(12):1845-1859

The interprovincial terrestrial physical geographical entities are the key areas of regional integrated management. In this paper, we analyzed the spatial patterns of the interprovincial terrestrial physical geographical names (ITPGN) from three aspects: numerical features, spatial variance and spatial agglomeration. The influencing factors of the distribution of ITPGN and the implications for the regional management were further discussed. GIS technology was used to visualize the distribution of ITPGN, analyze the spatial agglomeration and the influencing factors of ITPGN. A total of 11,325 ITPGN, including 4243 water ITPGN and 7082 terrain ITPGN, were extracted from the database of “China’s Second National Survey of Geographical Names (2014-2018)”, and the mountain geographical names were the largest type in ITPGN. Hunan Province had the largest number of the names in China, and Shanghai had the smallest number of the names. The spatial variance of the terrain ITPGN was larger than that of the water ITPGN, and the ITPGN showed a significant agglomeration phenomenon in the southern part of China. In addition, the relative elevation and the population had an impact on the distribution of the ITPGN. The largest number of the geographical names occurred in the regions where the relative elevation was between 1000-2000 meters, and where the population was between 40-50 million. Based on the analysis, it was suggested that the government should take the ITPGN as management units, optimize management strategies based on the characteristics of different types of ITPGN, strengthen the naming of unnamed interprovincial terrestrial physical geographical entities and balance the interests in the controversial ITPGN. This study demonstrated that GIS and spatial analysis techniques were useful for the research of ITPGN and the results could provide targeted management suggestions to realize coordinated development in the interprovincial regions.  相似文献   

基于组网观测的那曲土壤湿度不同时间尺度的变化特征   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

李博  张淼  唐世浩  董立新 《气象学报》2018,76(6):1040-1052

利用第三次青藏高原大气科学试验的土壤湿度观测数据,分析了那曲多空间尺度组网观测的28个站2、5、10、20和30 cm 5个不同深度土壤湿度的季节变化和日变化特征,并对比讨论了土壤湿度站点间的差异。分析表明,各层土壤湿度均存在显著的季节变化。冬春季节,20 cm以上土壤湿度随深度变浅而减小。夏秋季节土壤湿度随深度增加而减小,并分别在7月上、中旬和9月出现两个峰值。10月以后进入土壤湿度衰减期。土壤温度和土壤湿度存在协同变化关系。在一定的温度范围内,土壤发生冻结-融化过程,引起土壤湿度变化。在太阳辐射加热下,土壤表层水分蒸发,进而影响土壤温度。不同观测站间土壤湿度差异较大,夏秋季离散性大于冬春季。不同季节土壤湿度的日变化存在差异。春季10 cm以上土壤湿度日变化明显,08-10时（北京时）达到最低,19-20时达到最高。夏季土壤湿度日变化较为平缓。秋季2 cm深度土壤湿度日变化明显。线性拟合结果表明,1、4、10月土壤湿度和土壤温度为正相关关系。但是在夏季,土壤湿度与土壤温度为负相关。站点间土壤湿度变化的离散性表明,多测站才能全面体现青藏高原某区域的陆面状态。文中结果为青藏高原地区土壤湿度卫星参数验证和数值模式参数化提供了多角度的观测依据。   相似文献