全文获取类型
收费全文 | 2422篇 |
免费 | 360篇 |
国内免费 | 284篇 |
专业分类
测绘学 | 103篇 |
大气科学 | 275篇 |
地球物理 | 991篇 |
地质学 | 1084篇 |
海洋学 | 124篇 |
天文学 | 5篇 |
综合类 | 132篇 |
自然地理 | 352篇 |
出版年
2024年 | 4篇 |
2023年 | 21篇 |
2022年 | 32篇 |
2021年 | 42篇 |
2020年 | 71篇 |
2019年 | 65篇 |
2018年 | 41篇 |
2017年 | 85篇 |
2016年 | 140篇 |
2015年 | 128篇 |
2014年 | 173篇 |
2013年 | 127篇 |
2012年 | 94篇 |
2011年 | 172篇 |
2010年 | 102篇 |
2009年 | 211篇 |
2008年 | 201篇 |
2007年 | 153篇 |
2006年 | 147篇 |
2005年 | 137篇 |
2004年 | 111篇 |
2003年 | 80篇 |
2002年 | 80篇 |
2001年 | 97篇 |
2000年 | 60篇 |
1999年 | 62篇 |
1998年 | 67篇 |
1997年 | 50篇 |
1996年 | 37篇 |
1995年 | 39篇 |
1994年 | 42篇 |
1993年 | 30篇 |
1992年 | 23篇 |
1991年 | 23篇 |
1990年 | 14篇 |
1989年 | 16篇 |
1988年 | 13篇 |
1987年 | 11篇 |
1986年 | 10篇 |
1985年 | 12篇 |
1984年 | 14篇 |
1983年 | 6篇 |
1981年 | 3篇 |
1980年 | 3篇 |
1979年 | 4篇 |
1978年 | 3篇 |
1977年 | 3篇 |
1976年 | 2篇 |
1975年 | 1篇 |
1954年 | 3篇 |
排序方式: 共有3066条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
991.
兰州地处我国西部内陆,是甘肃省政治、经济、文化和科技中心,同时也是我国西部重要的经济及工业重镇。区内生态环境脆弱、环境污染严重等问题突出。随着经济、社会的发展,这些问题越来越制约着城市发展和居民生活质量的提高。本文对区内地下水源浅层地热资源进行了分析,得出结论:兰州市城区地下水源浅层地热资源丰富,具有很好的开发前景。因... 相似文献
992.
993.
An experimental study of seabed responses around a marine pipeline under wave and current conditions 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Experiments on three types of soil (d50=0.287, 0.057 and 0.034 mm) with pipeline(D=4 cm) either half buried or resting on the seabed under regular wave or combined with current actions were conducted in a large wave flume to investigate characteristics of soil responses. The pore pressures were measured through the soil depth and across the pipeline. When pipeline is present the measured pore pressures in sandy soil nearby the pipeline deviate considerably from that predicted by the poro-elasticity theory. The buried pipeline seems to provide a degree of resistance to soil liquefaction in the two finer soil seabeds. In the silt bed, a negative power relationship was found between maximum values of excess pore pressure pmax and test intervals under the same wave conditions due to soil densification and dissipation of the pore pressure. In the case of wave combined with current, pore pressures in sandy soil show slightly decrease with time, whereas in silt soil, the current causes an increase in the excess pore pressure build-up, especially at the deeper depth. Comparing liquefaction depth with scour depth underneath the pipeline indicates that the occurrence of liquefaction is accompanied with larger scour depth under the same pipeline-bed configuration. 相似文献
994.
通过野外采样和室内测定,以日照茶树种植区3个典型茶园为研究对象,每个茶园分别取鸠坑、黄山群体、福鼎大白各3个品种。最终取得9种茶样生长地的土样,研究分析土样的pH。有机质,全N,P,K,有效N,P,K等指标的土壤养分含量状况,并以此为评价指标,运用模糊综合评判法,对3个茶园的土壤肥力质量进行了综合评价。结果表明,茶园肥力综合水平为北垛春〉碧波山庄〉北叶青i茶园土壤总体上,pH值较适中,有机质含量很缺乏,全N含量偏低,全P含量中等,全K含量较高,有效N含量很缺乏,有效P含量非常丰富,有效K含量中等,并据此提出了关于该地区3个典型茶园今后合理施肥的一些建议。 相似文献
995.
996.
997.
采用高效液相色谱法对沈阳市地表土壤中的多环芳烃(Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons,PAHs)进行了定量分析,研究了沈阳市地表土壤中PAHs在不同功能区的含量及分布特征。结果表明:从土壤PAHs总量来看,居民区最低,其次是商业区,交通干道、文教区和公园排在商业区之后,工业区的PAHs总量最多;从PAHs的空间差异来看,靠近工业区以及机动车车流量较大的地区PAHs含量较高,靠近文教区和居住区的地区PAHs含量较低;从PAHs种类来看,所有功能区样品中PAHs的组分分布状况较为一致,以四环PAHs含量最多,其次是五环PAHs和三环PAHs;参考美国EPA沉积物PAHs质量标准和治理标准,沈阳市内五区PAHs总量超过质量标准的功能区有工业区、交通干道(4个采样点,占比36.3%)、文教区(3个采样点,占比75%)和公园区(4个采样点,占比40%),超过治理标准的功能区有工业区,公园区(1个采样点,占比10%),文教区(1个采样点,25%)。 相似文献
998.
Alireza Hejazi 《大气与海洋》2013,51(4):408-420
The Soil Atmosphere Boundary, Accurate Evaluation of Heat and Water (SABAE-HW) model is a multilayered, one-dimensional, physically based version of the Canadian Land Surface Scheme (CLASS) and uses the same methodologies as CLASS, version 2.6. SABAE provides an improved interface for groundwater modelling to simulate soil moisture, soil temperature, energy fluxes and snow depth for a wide range of soil and vegetation. This paper reports the results of the first field comparison of SABAE-HW using an extensive ten-year dataset from the Boreal Ecosystem Atmosphere Study (BOREAS) and the Boreal Ecosystem Research and Monitoring Sites (BERMS) project, an area in central Saskatchewan, Canada, rich in terms of hydrological and meteorological data. The model is also independently tested and verified with the Simultaneous Heat and Water (SHAW) model, which is an unsaturated-zone transport model. Two boundary conditions are considered at the bottom of the soil profile: a water table boundary condition and a unit gradient boundary condition. There was substantial agreement between the results of the simulations and observations in terms of snow depth and soil temperature. Snow depth and soil temperature were simulated reasonably well by SABAE, with correlation values of 0.96 and 0.98, respectively. However, there were some discrepancies for simulated soil temperature in winter. General agreement was obtained in terms of unfrozen soil moisture results, especially at greater depths, but there were general similarities in observed and simulated soil moisture trends in winter. An average correlation of 0.55 was found for SABAE while the correlation for SHAW was much smaller (less than 0.30), which indicates a better fit between simulated and field data by SABAE. Although a unit gradient boundary condition does not influence soil moisture, it was found that unit gradient boundary runs resulted in increased bias towards overestimation of the soil temperature. Thus, a safer and more accurate approach, we believe, is to adopt a first type boundary (i.e., water table) condition at the bottom of the domain. This has implications for climate and weather modelling in general. The result of this field testing demonstrated the potential and high accuracy of SABAE-HW as a Canadian model capable of simulating snow depth, snow temperature, soil moisture, energy fluxes, and we believe it is now appropriate to include this land surface scheme with its counterparts. R ésumé ?[Traduit par la rédaction] Le modèle Soil Atmosphere Boundary, Accurate Evaluation of Heat and Water (SABAE-HW) est une version multicouche, à une dimension, basée sur la physique du schéma CLASS (Canadian Land Surface Scheme) qui utilise les mêmes méthodologies que le CLASS version 2.6. Le SABAE offre une interface améliorée pour la modélisation des eaux sous-terraines permettant de simuler l'humidité du sol, la température du sol, les flux d'énergie et l'épaisseur de la neige pour une grande variété de sols et de végétation. Cet article présente les résultats de la première comparaison terrain du SABAE-HW en utilisant une base de données étendue de dix ans de l'Étude de l'atmosphère et des écosystèmes boréaux (BOREAS) et du projet des Sites de recherche et de surveillance des écosystèmes boréaux (BERMS), une région du centre de la Saskatchewan, au Canada, riche en données hydrologiques et météorologiques. Le modèle est aussi indépendamment testé et vérifié à l'aide du Simultaneous Heat and Water (SHAW), un modèle de transport en zone non saturée. Deux conditions aux limites sont supposées au fond du profil du sol : une condition aux limites de nappe phréatique et une condition aux limites de gradient unitaire. On a trouvé une concordance importante entre les résultats des simulations et les observations en ce qui a trait à l'épaisseur de la neige et à la température du sol. L'épaisseur de la neige et la température du sol ont été raisonnablement bien simulées par le modèle SABAE, avec des corrélations de 0,96 et 0,98, respectivement. Cependant, il y avait certaines divergences pour la température simulée du sol en hiver. Pour ce qui est des résultats concernant l'humidité du sol non gelé, ils s'accordaient généralement, surtout pour les plus grandes profondeurs, mais il y avait des similarités générales dans les tendances observées et simulées de l'humidité du sol en hiver. Nous avons trouvé une corrélation moyenne de 0,55 pour le SABAE alors que la corrélation pour le SHAW était beaucoup plus faible (0,30), ce qui indique un meilleur ajustement des données simulées aux données de terrain pour le SABAE. Même si une condition aux limites de gradient unitaire n'influence pas l'humidité du sol, il ressort que des passes faites avec un gradient unitaire aux limites ont produit un biais accru vers la surestimation de la température du sol. Donc, nous croyons qu'une approche plus sûre et plus précise serait d'adopter une condition aux limites de Dirichlet (c.-à-d. une nappe phréatique) au fond du domaine. Ceci a des répercussions sur la modélisation du climat et du temps en général. Le résultat de cet essai sur le terrain a démontré le potentiel et la grande exactitude du SABAE-HW en tant que modèle canadien capable de simuler l'épaisseur de la neige, la température du sol, l'humidité du sol et les flux d'énergie et nous croyons qu'il est maintenant approprié d'inclure ce schéma de surface avec ses contreparties. 相似文献
999.
AbstractThe National Drought Model (NDM) is an amalgamation of the atmospheric component of the original Palmer Drought and Versatile Soil Moisture Budget (VSMB) models. The NDM uses locally derived coefficients from the station or gridded climate data to calculate a calibration factor for comparing locations in time and space. A modular approach is used to model major processes such as evapotranspiration, biometeorological time, snowmelt, and the cascading of soil moisture down to the root zone. The modular approach allows modifications to be made to specific sections without making structural changes to the entire model or the data inputs. The NDM is an operational tool, integrating data from the climate, soil, and plant sciences to monitor agroclimatic risks such as drought and excess moisture. In this paper, the capacity of the NDM to monitor extreme agroclimatic risks, such as drought and flooding of agricultural soils, was assessed. Using the Palmer Drought Severity Index component of the NDM, the mapping of the spatial extent and severity of the 2001 and 2002 droughts across Canada and the excess moisture conditions on the Canadian Prairies in 2010 agreed with other assessments. The validation study of soil moisture at two Alberta locations (Lethbridge and Beaverlodge) showed that the VSMB tracked the soil moisture flux in the root zone successfully in response to changing environmental conditions. The VSMB explained about 70 and 60% of the variance in observed soil moisture at the two respective locations. 相似文献
1000.
L. Zedda A. GröngröftM. Schultz A. PetersenA. Mills G. Rambold 《Journal of Arid Environments》2011,75(2):215-220
The present study was undertaken to assess baseline distribution patterns for soil lichens occurring in the principal biomes of southern Africa, and to analyse their relationship to selected environmental parameters. Among the lichen species found across our survey sites, four distinct groups could be delineated, each as distinct consortium of lichen species sharing particular morphological characters (e.g. growth-form, pigmentation and type of photobiont kind). These groups are largely correlated with specific environmental parameters. These findings suggest that lichens may serve as valuable bioindicators for evaluating climate and soil change in this region of Africa. 相似文献