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131.
132.
At times of strong solar wind forcing such as those that produce major magnetic storms, the region 1 current system dominates over the Chapman–Ferraro current system in mediating the transfer of force between the solar wind and the terrestrial system. The global force balance can be broken into two components, one involving the high-altitude part of the region 1 current system that is in contact with the solar wind (labeled here the HRS) and the other involving the low-altitude part of the region 1 current system that lies in the ionosphere (the LRS). Both communicate their J×B force to the geomagnetic dipole via a gradient in the magnetic field that they generate. In the HRS case the force acts to push the dipole away from the sun. This is the region 1 analog of the Chapman–Ferraro mechanism for transmitting the solar wind's force to the Earth. However, in the LRS case, the force (which is much stronger than in the HRS case) acts to push the dipole toward the sun, seemingly paradoxically. The LRS balances the ‘paradoxical’ sunward force on the dipole with an opposite force on the atmosphere. This paper uses MHD simulations to demonstrate the presence of both the normal force-transmitting gradient generated by the Chapman–Ferraro and the counter-Chapman–Ferraro gradient in the magnetic field generated by the region 1 current system. 相似文献
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134.
Volcanic lightning, perhaps the most spectacular consequence of the electrification of volcanic plumes, has been implicated in the origin of life on Earth, and may also exist in other planetary atmospheres. Recent years have seen volcanic lightning detection used as part of a portfolio of developing techniques to monitor volcanic eruptions. Remote sensing measurement techniques have been used to monitor volcanic lightning, but surface observations of the atmospheric electric Potential Gradient (PG) and the charge carried on volcanic ash also show that many volcanic plumes, whilst not sufficiently electrified to produce lightning, have detectable electrification exceeding that of their surrounding environment. Electrification has only been observed associated with ash-rich explosive plumes, but there is little evidence that the composition of the ash is critical to its occurrence. Different conceptual theories for charge generation and separation in volcanic plumes have been developed to explain the disparate observations obtained, but the ash fragmentation mechanism appears to be a key parameter. It is unclear which mechanisms or combinations of electrification mechanisms dominate in different circumstances. Electrostatic forces play an important role in modulating the dry fall-out of ash from a volcanic plume. Beyond the local electrification of plumes, the higher stratospheric particle concentrations following a large explosive eruption may affect the global atmospheric electrical circuit. It is possible that this might present another, if minor, way by which large volcanic eruptions affect global climate. The direct hazard of volcanic lightning to communities is generally low compared to other aspects of volcanic activity. 相似文献
135.
136.
神农架大九湖15.753kaB.P.以来的孢粉记录和环境演变* 总被引:10,自引:2,他引:10
根据对大九湖297cm厚的泥炭地层10个AMS 14 C年龄的测定以及148块孢粉样品的分析,发现每块样品的孢粉(浓度)含量都很高,植物种类繁多,分属于137(科)属,可划分为6个孢粉组合带,植被类型演替大体为:含少量常绿树种的针阔叶混交林—含常绿阔叶树种的落叶阔叶林—常绿落叶阔叶林—含常绿阔叶树种的落叶阔叶林—含少量常绿树种的针阔叶混交林。孢粉带Ⅰ(15.753~11.280kaB.P.)记录了该区域晚冰期及其向全新世过渡时期冷暖波动频繁的气候条件,其中亚带Ⅰ -1(15.753~15.549kaB.P.),Ⅰ -3(14.936~14.505kaB.P.)和Ⅰ -5(12.655~11.280kaB.P.)可能分别对应最老仙女木期、老仙女木和新仙女木冷期,而亚带Ⅰ -2(15.549~14.936kaB.P.)和Ⅰ -4(14.505~12.655kaB.P.)分别对应博令和阿勒罗德暖期。孢粉带Ⅱ(11.280~9.218kaB.P.)代表了由晚冰期冷湿气候向全新世温暖气候转换的早全新世缓慢升温的过渡时期。孢粉带Ⅲ(9.218~7.530kaB.P.)代表中全新世前期的气温波动上升期,7.7kaB.P.前后达到最高温。孢粉带Ⅳ(7.530~4.051kaB.P.)代表中全新世适宜期,水热配置条件最佳。孢粉带Ⅴ(4.051~0.911kaB.P.)体现晚全新世温干的气候。孢粉带Ⅵ(0.911~0kaB.P)反映了大九湖温凉稍湿的气候。 相似文献
137.
Building comparable global change vulnerability assessments: The vulnerability scoping diagram 总被引:29,自引:1,他引:29
Advancing vulnerability science depends in part on identifying common themes from multiple, independent vulnerability assessments. Such insights are difficult to produce when the assessments use dissimilar, often qualitative, measures. The Vulnerability Scoping Diagram is presented to facilitate the comparison of assessments with dissimilar measures. The diagram is illustrated with recent research on drought vulnerabilities, showing that common insights into vulnerability may emerge if independent research teams use a common structure for organizing information about exposure, sensitivity and adaptive capacity—even if the underlying measures differ between assessments. Broadly adopting this technique, which is grounded in the “Eight Steps” methodological protocol [Schröter, D., Polsky, C., Patt, A., 2005. Assessing vulnerabilities to the effects of global change: an eight step approach. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change 10(4), 573–595], will enable a vulnerability meta-analysis, the lessons from which may permit places to identify helpful adaptation or mitigation options without first having to conduct their own vulnerability assessments. 相似文献
138.
Adrian A. Borsa Jean-Bernard Minster Bruce G. Bills Helen A. Fricker 《Journal of Geodesy》2007,81(2):157-170
We develop and test an algorithm for modeling and removing elevation error in kinematic GPS trajectories in the context of
a kinematic GPS survey of the salar de Uyuni, Bolivia. Noise in the kinematic trajectory ranges over 15 cm and is highly autocorrelated,
resulting in significant contamination of the topographic signal. We solve for a noise model using crossover differences at
trajectory intersections as constraints in a least-squares inversion. Validation of the model using multiple realizations
of synthetic/simulated noise shows an average decrease in root-mean-square-error (RMSE) by a factor of four. Applying the
model to data from the salar de Uyuni survey, we find that crossover differences drop by a factor of eight (from an RMSE of
5.6 to 0.7 cm), and previously obscured topographic features are revealed in a plan view of the corrected trajectory. We
believe that this algorithm can be successfully adapted to other survey methods that employ kinematic GPS for positioning. 相似文献
139.
地质遗迹资源保护利用价值是合理划分保护区的基础.本文以盐津乌蒙峡谷地质公园地质遗迹资源为例,从地质遗迹资源利用性和脆弱性两个方面构建地质遗迹资源保护利用价值评价指标体系,运用层次分析法确定地质遗迹资源保护利用价值评价因子权重.采用专家咨询法建立地质遗迹资源保护等级划分标准.利用菲什拜因-罗森伯格模型对盐津地质公园典型地质遗迹资源进行保护利用价值评价并划分保护等级.根据保护利用价值评价结果,利用Sufer9.0软件制作地质遗迹资源保护利用等值线图,结合地质遗迹资源保护的便利性与地方相关规划的协调性,绘制出盐津乌蒙峡谷地质公园地质遗迹资源保护分区图,结果为:盐津乌蒙峡谷地质公园特级保护区面积0.06 km2,一级保护区面积11.74 km2,二级保护区面积23.47 km2,三级保护区面积75.07 km2. 相似文献
140.
对全球变化背景下构建生态地理区域系统的若干认识 总被引:3,自引:1,他引:2
研究复杂的人地系统,研究区域的可持续发展需要有一个比较适当的区域划分。全球变化问题研究的水平也取决于对地域差异认识的深度。因此,建立中国生态地理区域系统,探讨其在全球变化中的应用,可为区域发展与陆地生态系统关系的研究提供科学的区域框架。本文从理论基础、必要性、目的、意义、界线、指标和方法论等方面探讨了有关生态地理区划的若干问题。 相似文献