日本的国土开发对中国西部大开发的启示   总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3  

张文忠 《地理科学进展》2000,19(3):251-258

本文在评述和总结日本国土开发中所取得的成功经验基础上 ,提出了中国在西部大开发中需要注意的四个问题 :一是要制定明确的开发目标和切实可行的开发方式 ,并通过立法的形式保障开发计划的实施 ;二是有效发挥社会资本和民间资本对西部开发的作用 ;三是加大力度促进西部中小城市的发展 ;四是在西部大开发中处理好资源、环境和灾害等问题。  相似文献   

Current shortcomings of global mapping and the creation of a new geographical framework for the world     

DAVID RHIND 《The Geographical journal》2000,166(4):295-305

The vast bulk of topographic mapping - the geographical framework used to underpin many activities of the state and of business - has been created and is maintained to national standards. As a consequence, what is available differs greatly from country to country. Yet there is a range of needs for globally-consistent map information. Such needs have long been recognized: the International Map of the World was an attempt to meet them. A multiplicity of factors has constrained the National Mapping Organizations from meeting this aim. However, new technologies have enhanced our capacity to create a geographical framework almost anywhere in the world. Using such technologies, commercial and other non-commercial bodies (e.g. the US military and its counterparts within NATO) have begun to produce wide-area geographical information. This paper describes the nature of the need for global mapping, the players involved and the drivers and obstacles to progress. It proposes a rapid way to enhance the current situation through public/private sector partnerships based on a combination of skills, information assets and resources. If implemented, this could lead to global coverage of a framework derived from 1:25000 scale mapping within about two years.  相似文献   

Coupling Relationship Analysis on Households′ Production Behaviors and Their Influencing Factors in Nature Reserves:A Structural Equation Model     

WANG Changhai  WEN Yali  DUAN Wei  HAN Feng 《中国地理科学(英文版)》2013,23(4):506-518

A households′production behavior directly influences the quality of the environment and determines the successful development of nature reserves.Meanwhile,the households′production behaviors are complicated by interrelated factors,such as protection attitudes,resource endowment,and family wealth.This research evaluated households near the Crested Ibis National Nature Reserve in Shaanxi Province,acquiring data from 436 households around Yang County and Ningshan County in the south slope of Qinling Mountains,China.Based on the collected data,we developed a structural equation model to evaluate the coupling relationships among households′ protection attitudes,production behaviors,resource endowment,and family wealth.The results showed that:1) households with great resource endowment had more negative attitudes,probably due to their greater protection costs;2) the households with higher education levels had worse protection attitudes;3) the households with more family wealth were likely to use fewer fertilizers,pesticides,and firewood;4) the households with more resource endowment showed less production and management behaviors;5) the enhancement of households’ attitudes improved production behaviors to protection the environment,but the effects were not statistically significant.Our results provide a basis for the government’s protection policy making,exploring the effective management measures that are beneficial for both nature reserve management and community development.  相似文献   

Prediction of china’s submerged coastal areas by sea level rise due to climate change   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

ZUO Juncheng  YANG Yiqiu  ZHANG Jianli  CHEN Meixiang  XU Qing 《中国海洋大学学报(英文版)》2013,12(3):327-334

Based on the simulation with the Ocean-Atmosphere Coupled Model CCSM and Ocean Model POP under the greenhouse gas emission scenario of the IPCC SRES A2 (IPCC, 2001), and on the earth crust subsidence and glacier melting data, the relative sea level change is obtained along the coast of China in the 21st century. Using the SRTM elevation data the submergence of coastal low land is calculated under the extreme water level with a 100-year return period. The total flooding areas are 98.3×10³ and 104.9×10³ km² for 2050 and 2080, respectively. For the three regions most vulnerable to extreme sea level rise, i.e., the coast of Bohai Bay, the Yangtze River Delta together with neighboring Jiangsu Province and northern Zhejiang Province, and the Pearl River Delta, the flooded areas are 5.0×10³, 64.1×10³ and 15.3×10³ km² in 2050 and 5.2×10³, 67.8×10³ and 17.2×10³ km² in 2080, respectively.  相似文献   

A cross-system analysis of sedimentary organic carbon in the mangrove ecosystems of Xuan Thuy National Park, Vietnam   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Nguyen Tai Tue  Nguyen Thi NgocTran Dang Quy  Hideki HamaokaMai Trong Nhuan  Koji Omori 《Journal of Sea Research》2012,67(1):69-76

A cross-system analysis of bulk sediment composition, total organic carbon (TOC), atomic C/N ratio, and carbon isotope composition (δ¹³C) in 82 surface sediment samples from natural and planted mangrove forests, bank and bottom of tidal creeks, tidal flat, and the subtidal habitat was conducted to examine the roles of mangroves in sedimentation and organic carbon (OC) accumulation processes, and to characterize sources of sedimentary OC of the mangrove ecosystem of Xuan Thuy National Park, Vietnam. Sediment grain sizes varied widely from 5.4 to 170.2 μm (mean 71.5 μm), with the fine sediment grain size fraction (< 63 μm) ranging from 11 to 99.3% (mean 72.5%). Bulk sediment composition suggested that mangroves play an important role in trapping fine sediments from river outflows and tidal water by the mechanisms of tidal current attenuation by vegetation and the ability of fine roots to bind sediments. The TOC content ranged from 0.08 to 2.18% (mean 0.78%), and was higher within mangrove forests compared to those of banks and bottoms of tidal creeks, tidal flat, and subtidal sediments. The sedimentary δ¹³C ranged from − 27.7 to − 20.4‰ (mean − 24.1‰), and mirrored the trend observed in TOC variation. The TOC and δ¹³C relationship showed that the factors of microbial remineralization and OC sources controlled the TOC pool of mangrove sediments. The comparison of δ¹³C and C/N ratio of sedimentary OC with those of mangrove and marine phytoplankton sources indicated that the sedimentary OC within mangrove forests and the subtidal habitat was mainly composed of mangrove and marine phytoplankton sources, respectively. The application of a simple mixing model showed that the mangrove contribution to sedimentary OC decreased as follows: natural mangrove forest > planted mangrove forest > tidal flat > creek bank > creek bottom > subtidal habitat.  相似文献   

The Magnuson-Stevens act (1976) and its reauthorizations: Failure or success for the implementation of fishery sustainability and management in the US?     

Andrea Dell'Apa  Lisa SchiavinatoRoger A. Rulifson 《Marine Policy》2012,36(3):673-680

The Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act (1976), opened a new era of federal fishery management in the United States. It was enacted primarily to establish a system for conserving and managing fisheries in the new 200-mile (EEZ). The US assumed exclusive authority for managing all fisheries within the EEZ, except for highly migratory species such as tunas and billfishes. Within the framework of the Act, eight Regional Fishery Management Councils (Regional Councils) were created, which are responsible for preparing Fisheries Management Plans (FMPs) in federal waters under their jurisdiction. Each FMP must meet a series of National Standards (NSs) for conservation and management. The Act was reauthorized in 1996 with the passage of the Sustainable Fisheries Act (SFA), which aimed at fine tuning the fishery regulatory apparatus that was established under the original Act. This "fine tuning" involved increased attention to biological concerns, and removal of ambiguities within it. The Act was reauthorized again in 2007, mainly to provide for more clear directives and regulations to end overfishing. After more than thirty years since the Act was passed into law, the debate among conservationists, commercial and recreational fishery representatives, and politicians on the effectiveness of the Act in achieving its purported goals it still continues. Is the Act delivering on its promises? Do NSs reflect the most important priorities for the US fishery resources, conservation and sustainable exploitation? Do the Regional Councils represent all parties that should be involved in the fisheries resources management? The aim of this paper is to provide a critical analysis to answer these questions. This paper begins with a review of the Act and its background, followed by discussion and analysis of the Act's benefits and flaws. Finally, suggestions for the implementation of its structure and future directions in fishery management strategies are made.  相似文献   

从风险社会理论视角看全国地震重点监视防御区制度的作用     

高孟潭  伍国春  吴新燕  郎从 《中国地震研究》2015,29(1):1-7

Earthquake disaster risk,as a typical social disaster risk,is one of the most important risks in modern Chinese society.This study gives definitions of the institution,describes the formation history,the connotations and development and analyzes its role in the control of major social risks caused by earthquakes.Finally,the paper presents recommendations for continuous improvement of this institution under the guidance of risk society theory,and for its application to the government reform and social governance.  相似文献   

国家级风景名胜区旅游效率空间格局动态演化及其驱动机制   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

曹芳东  黄震方  余凤龙  吴丽敏 《地理研究》2014,33(6):1151-1166

借助数据包络分析方法（DEA）综合测算了国家级风景名胜区旅游效率,结合标准差椭圆和重心坐标探讨了风景名胜区旅游效率重心演化的轨迹与路径,考察了影响演化轨迹的重要因素及其作用机理。结果表明：① 国家级风景名胜区旅游效率总体不高,变化幅度较小,综合效率、纯技术效率及规模效率均呈现明显的波动性特征,说明改革开放初期的风景区旅游发展主要得益于规模投资,有效的货币资本投入是提升旅游发展的主要措施,平均效率值总体表现为下降态势,风景区多数处于无效率状态,DEA最优状态缺乏,导致了风景区生产单元存在一定的资源冗余和开发低效状态。② 从重心的整体分布上看,主要位于107°11'~118°37'E 和29°02'~38°55'N 之间,东西跨度约11°,南北跨度约9°;从旅游效率重心演变的轨迹上来看,综合效率的变化轨迹最大,但总体上都是经历了先西偏南再东偏北再西偏南的历程,其中规模效率和全要素生产率的重心东偏北的趋势相对较小,而综合效率和纯技术效率在重心东偏北的趋势上变化较大。③ 针对风景区旅游效率空间格局动态演化的驱动机制的剖析表明,经济发展水平、资源禀赋、产业结构、交通发展、信息技术及制度供给是影响效率重心偏移的重要因素,促使了效率动态格局的空间演化,优化产业结构,引进先进技术,完善市场引导机制,政府科学调控及资源禀赋改善是促进风景区旅游效率提升的有效路径。  相似文献   

公众对地震重点监视防御区的认知与防震减灾宣传工作的关系   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

朱宝霞  申文庄  马明 《中国地震》2014,30(3):373-381

公众是实现地震重点监视防御区(以下简称地震重防区)防震减灾工作目标、提升社会防震减灾能力的主力军,而公众对地震重防区的认知与防震减灾宣传密不可分.本文通过问卷调查,发现许多公众对地震重防区和相关知识的认知程度低、公众的防震减灾素质有待提高、防震减灾宣传针对地震重防区的内容不够全面、宣传方式和手段不够多样化等问题.据此,提出建议:强化地震重防区宣传,丰富防震减灾宣传内容;防震减灾宣传方式和途径多样化;完善防震减灾宣传教育制度等.  相似文献   

Glacial change in the vicinity of Mt. Qomolangma （Everest）, central high Himalayas since 1976   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

聂勇  张镱锂  刘林山  张继平 《地理学报(英文版)》2010,20(5):667-686

Glaciers are one of the most important land covers in alpine regions and especially sensitive to global climate change. Remote sensing has proved to be the best method of investigating the extent of glacial variations in remote mountainous areas. Using Landsat thematic mapping (TM) and multi-spectral-scanner (MSS) images from Mt. Qomolangma (Everest) National Nature Preserve (QNNP), central high Himalayas for 1976, 1988 and 2006, we derived glacial extent for these three periods. A combination of object-oriented image interpretation methods, expert knowledge rules and field surveys were employed. Results showed that (1) the glacial area in 2006 was 2710.17 ± 0.011 km² (about 7.41% of the whole study area), and located mainly to the south and between 4700 m to 6800 m above sea level; (2) from 1976 to 2006, glaciers reduced by 501.91 ± 0.035 km² and glacial lakes expanded by 36.88 ± 0.035 km²; the rate of glacier retreat was higher in sub-basins on the southern slopes (16.79%) of the Himalayas than on the northern slopes (14.40%); most glaciers retreated, and mainly occurred at an elevation of 4700–6400 m, and the estimated upper limit of the retreat zone is between 6600 m and 6700 m; (3) increase in temperature and decrease in precipitation over the study period are the key factors driving retreat.  相似文献