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101.
We introduce a 3D model for near-vent channelized lava flows. We assume the lava to be an isothermal Newtonian liquid flowing
in a rectangular channel down a constant slope. The flow velocity is calculated with an analytical steady-state solution of
the Navier-Stokes equation. The surface velocity and the flow rate are calculated as functions of the flow thickness for different
flow widths, and the results are compared with those of a 2D model. For typical Etna lava flow parameters, the influence of
levees on the flow dynamics is significant when the flow width is less than 25 m. The model predicts the volume flow rate
corresponding to the surface velocity, taking into account that both depend on flow thickness. The effusion rate is a critical
parameter to evaluate lava flow hazard. We propose a model to calculate the effusion rate given the lava flow width, the topograhic
slope, the lava density, the surface flow velocity, and either the lava viscosity or the flow thickness.
Received: 20 January 1998 / Accepted: 8 January 1999 相似文献
102.
QI Pu ZHAO Yean Engineer Institute of Hydraulic Research Yellow River Conservancy Commission Engineer Institute of Hydraulic Research Yellow River Conservancy Commission 《国际泥沙研究》1993,(1)
1. INTRODUCTIONThe Yellow River is a heavily sediment--laden river. Floods at Hyperconcentrationso f sediment (hereinafter simply referred to as hyperconcentrated flood) frequently occurring in the main river and its tributaries possess different characteristics of sedimenttransport. Sometimes they cause severe deposition whereas at other times they are capable of carrying substantial amount of sediment over long distances. The study on the lawof sediment transport is of significance to … 相似文献
103.
104.
Submarine explosive eruptions are generally considered to become less likely with increasing depth due to the increasing hydrostatic
pressure of the overlying water column. Volcaniclastic deposits from the North Arch volcanic field, north of Oahu, have textural
characteristics of explosive fragmentation yet were erupted in water depths greater than 4,200 m.
The most abundant volcaniclastic samples from North Arch are clast-supported with highly vesicular, angular pyroclasts. They
are most likely near-vent pyroclastic fall deposits formed in eruption columns of limited height. Interbedded with highly
vesicular pillow lava, they form low (50 to 200 m), steep-sided cones around the vents. Less common are stratified samples
with graded bedding; one such sample includes a layer of roughly aligned, platy, bubble-wall glass fragments (resembling littoral
limu o Pele) that may have been deposited by density currents. In addition to bubble-wall glass shards, numerous glass fragments
with spherical, delicate spindle and ribbon shapes, and Pele's hair-like glass strands occur in the finer size fraction (<0.5 mm)
of some samples. They are probably more distal fallout. Another sample, consisting of glass fragments dispersed in a marine
clay matrix, was apparently reworked and deposited farther from the vents by bottom currents.
Glass compositions include low-(∼0.4-0.6 wt%) and medium-K2O (>0.6 wt%) alkalic basalt, basanite, and nephelinite. Sulfur and chlorine abundances are high, reaching a maximum of 1,800
and 1,300 ppm, respectively. The ubiquitous presence of limu o Pele fragments, regardless of glass composition, suggests that
bursts of Strombolian-like activity accompanied most eruptions. Coalescing vesicles observed in larger pyroclasts and some
pillow lava suggests accumulation of volatiles. Since the great hydrostatic pressure makes steam expansion impossible, a volatile-rich,
supercritical magmatic fluid probably drove the eruptions. If these volatile-rich magmas had erupted in shallow water or subaerially,
tall fountains would most likely have resulted. The great hydrostatic pressure (>40 MPa) limited fountain and eruption column
heights. 相似文献
105.
Episode 48 of the ongoing eruption of Kilauea, Hawai`i, began in July 1986 and continuously extruded lava for the next 5.5 years from a low shield, Kūpaianaha. The flows in March 1990 headed for Kalapana and inundated the entire town under 15–25 m of lava by the end of August. As the flows advanced eastward, they entered into Kaimū Bay, replacing it with a plain of lava that extends 300 m beyond the original shoreline. The focus of our study is the period from August 1 to October 31, 1990, when the lava buried almost 406,820 m2 of the 5-m deep bay. When lava encountered the sea, it flowed along the shoreline as a narrow primary lobe up to 400 m long and 100 m wide, which in turn inflated to a thickness of 5–6 m. The flow direction of the primary lobes was controlled by the submerged delta below the lavas and by damming up lavas fed at low extrusion rates. Breakout flows through circumferential and axial inflation cracks on the inflating primary lobes formed smaller secondary lobes, burying the lows between the primary lobes and hiding their original outlines. Inflated flow lobes eventually ruptured at proximal and/or distal ends as well as mid-points between the two ends, feeding new primary lobes which were emplaced along and on the shore side of the previously inflated lobes. The flow lobes mapped with the aid of aerial photographs were correlated with daily observations of the growing flow field, and 30 primary flow lobes were dated. Excluding the two repose periods that intervened while the bay was filled, enlargement of the flow field took place at a rate of 2,440–22,640 square meters per day in the bay. Lobe thickness was estimated to be up to 11 m on the basis of cross sections of selected lobes measured using optical measurement tools, measuring tape and hand level. The total flow-lobe volume added in the bay during August 1–October 31 was approximately 3.95 million m3, giving an average supply rate of 0.86 m3/s. 相似文献
106.
Calculation of lava effusion rates from Landsat TM data 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Andrew J. L. Harris Luke P. Flynn Laszlo Keszthelyi Peter J. Mouginis-Mark Scott K. Rowland Joseph A. Resing 《Bulletin of Volcanology》1998,60(1):52-71
We present a thermal model to calculate the total thermal flux for lava flowing in tubes, on the surface, or under shallow
water. Once defined, we use the total thermal flux to estimate effusion rates for active flows at Kilauea, Hawaii, on two
dates. Input parameters were derived from Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM), field and laboratory measurements. Using these parameters
we obtain effusion rates of 1.76±0.57 and 0.78±0.27 m3 s–1 on 23 July and 11 October 1991, respectively. These rates are corroborated by field measurements of 1.36±0.14 and 0.89±0.09 m3 s–1 for the same dates (Kauahikaua et al. 1996). Using weather satellite (AVHRR) data of lower spatial resolution, we obtain
similar effusion rates for an additional 26 dates between the two TM-derived measurements. We assume that, although total
effusion rates at the source declined over the period, the shut down of the ocean entry meant that effusion rates for the
surface flows alone remained stable. Such synergetic use of remotely sensed data provides measurements that can (a) contribute
to monitoring flow-field evolution, and (b) provide reliable numerical data for input into rheological and thermal models.
We look forward to being able to produce estimates for effusion rates using data from high-spatial-resolution sensors in the
earth observing system (EOS) era, such as Landsat 7, the hyperspectral imager, the advanced spaceborne thermal emission spectrometer,
and the advanced land imager.
Received: 25 July 1997 / Accepted: 26 February 1998 相似文献
107.
东川裂谷因民期火山——岩浆活动特征 总被引:3,自引:1,他引:3
东川裂谷因民期火山—岩浆活动强烈,也是重要的铁铜成矿期。火山活动旋回均经历爆发—喷发—喷溢—(喷流)阶段。主要发育在裂谷中心落因火山链和蓑衣坡火山盆地中。落因火山链早期形成火山—沉积角砾岩段,火山活动以喷溢的火山熔岩为主,主要有钠质基性熔岩、玄武岩、安山岩,均已蚀变,并有钠长斑岩的侵入活动。中期火山喷发形成凝灰岩类、火山碎屑岩类,发育了铁铜矿化。在蓑衣坡火山盆地中因民期火山—岩浆活动发育两次火山—沉积旋回,即两次爆发(角砾岩)—喷发(凝灰岩)—喷溢(熔岩)—喷流(硅质岩),在喷流相发育赤铁矿层和含铜硅质岩层。 相似文献
108.
喷流沉积成矿作用研究的若干问题 总被引:21,自引:0,他引:21
研究海底喷流沉积矿床形成和陆源沉积速率,可确定喷流沉积矿床处于上盘蚀变的找矿标志和块状硫化物矿床产出的海底深度。此外还探讨了陆相喷流沉积成矿的可能性。 相似文献
109.
粘质海底稳定性实例分析 总被引:10,自引:3,他引:10
本文对南海珠江口盆地大陆架区和东海浙江沿岸象山港的粘质海底进行了稳定性分析。通过实例分析判定了该地区不稳定性的原因, 并给出了稳定性估计的直观图。文中还指出了今后研究的方向。 相似文献
110.
I. INTRODUCTIONThe Gezhouba Project is located on the main stem of the Yangtze River with a total installed capacity of 2750 MW. The general layout of the project is shown in Fig. l--a. The drainage area upstream of the project is 1 million sq. km with an… 相似文献