基于HBV模型的淮河流域洪水致灾临界雨量研究   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

卢燕宇  田红 《气象》2015,41(6):755-760

根据流域暴雨洪水致灾机制,文章提出了考虑前期基础水位的动态致灾临界雨量指标,并以淮河上游地区为例,基于HBV水文模型建立了降水-流量-水位关系,并根据这种关系确立了临界雨量确定的方法流程.首先基于历史水文数据率定和验证模型,得到适用于研究区的最优化模型参数,然后构建洪水上涨期水位流量关系,最后以是否达到致灾水位为标准,通过模型试算并结合水位流量关系曲线反推出致灾临界雨量值.在淮河上游地区的研究中,利用2002-2009年逐日气象水文数据对HBV模型进行了参数率定和检验,并针对洪水过程进行了参数优化,经过率定后HBV模型对王家坝以上流域具备较好的适用性,对典型洪水过程模拟的确定性系数和NASH效率系数均在0.8以上;根据王家坝站实测流量水位数据,构建了概化的单一关系曲线;结合HBV模型和水位流量关系得到了王家坝以上流域的动态致灾临界雨量指标,临界雨量值随前期基础水位升高而减小,并且随着前期水位的变化,临界雨量值呈现了明显的非线性响应特征.  相似文献   

额尔齐斯河上游西伯利亚云杉树轮宽度年表特征分析及其对气候的响应   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

姜盛夏  袁玉江  喻树龙  张同文  陈峰  尚华明  张瑞波 《沙漠与绿洲气象(新疆气象)》2015,9(2):16-23

利用采自阿尔泰山南坡额尔齐斯河上游森林6个采样点的低海拔西伯利亚云杉（Picea obovata Ledeb）树轮样本,建立6个树轮宽度指数年表。分析标准化树轮宽度年表的特征参数及对气候的响应发现：（1）可可托海北（KKT）年表包含的气候信息最多,其次是塔里德萨依（TLD）年表。（2）6个标准化年表及区域年表（HEC）与临近的富蕴气象站与生长季及生长季前期的降水呈正相关,与上年7月到当年6月降水量相关最高达0.755,该研究结果与新疆天山山区云杉对气候的响应完全一致。降水是森林下限西伯利亚云杉树轮宽度生长的主要限制因子。（3）海拔相对较高的协特克阔依汗（XTK）和KKT年表除与其它年表具有对降水相同的响应特点外,还与当年8月的平均最低气温呈显著正相关。（4）区域年表树轮宽度指数经历了9个偏高时段和8个偏低时段,揭示了该地区降水的长期变化。  相似文献   

1961~2010年黄河中下游地区24节气气候变化特征分析   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

冀翠华  王式功  尚可政 《气候与环境研究》2015,20(2):220-228

24节气是我国古代劳动人民的独特创造。全面掌握"24节气"的气候变化规律,不但有利于指导农事生产,提高气象服务质量和水平,而且在为人类预防和治疗疾病方面也有重要意义。在全球变暖的气候背景下,统计分析了1961~2010年黄河中下游地区24节气的气温、湿度、风速等6个气象要素的变化特征,得到以下结论:黄河中下游地区随节气变换气候变化显著,大暑、小暑节气高温高湿,小寒、大寒节气寒冷干燥,清明节气寒温反复大风将至,霜降节气天气渐凉秋燥加剧等。50年内,春季型节气(平均、最高、最低)气温显著升高,冬季型节气最低气温升高显著。气压随节气变化特征与气温大致相反,夏、秋季节气有升压趋势。相对湿度与降水均呈减少趋势,以秋季型节气减小趋势最明显。春季风速最大,夏、秋季风速最小,所有节气风速均呈减小趋势,冬夏季节气日照时间呈缩短趋势。  相似文献   

长江中游城市群空间结构的多分形特征     

郑文升  杜南乔  杨瑶  王晓芳  熊志飞 《地理学报》2022,77(4):947-959

在城市群越来越演化为多尺度、多区域复杂系统背景下,有必要引入多分形理论与方法研究其空间结构。本文基于2018年NPP-VIIRS夜间灯光数据,计算长江中游城市群整体及其局部的多分维谱,根据谱线分析不同尺度下长江中游城市空间结构的多分形特征。结果显示：① 长江中游城市群夜间灯光容量维在整体和局部都出现双标度现象。② q < -5.5时,整体广义关联维谱线突破理论上限2,在q > 0时,武汉城市圈和环长株潭城市群的分维显著较高。③ 整体的局部分维谱和武汉城市圈、环长株潭城市群、环鄱阳湖城市群、宜荆荆城市群局部分维谱表现为单峰偏右。根据上述结果,得到和验证了以下结论：① 长江中游城市群区域一体化程度较低。② 长江中游城市群不同层级和区域的空间结构差异显著,呈现出多尺度复杂特征。③ 长江中游城市群在不同尺度中均倾向于中心集聚式发展。研究揭示多分形模型能够从尺度依赖视角有效揭示巨型城市群空间结构的复杂性及其背后的问题,具有很好的理论探索和实践分析前景。  相似文献   

红河断裂带闭锁程度和滑动亏损分布特征研究   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

刘耀辉  李金平  王刘伟 《测绘工程》2015,(8)

利用1999~2013年青藏高原东南缘的GPS速度场观测数据,采用DEFNODE程序反演红河断裂带走滑速率、三维闭锁程度和滑动亏损分布。反演结果表明:红河断裂带北、中、南段右旋走滑速率分别约为(5.9±1.2)mm/a,(4.8±0.6)mm/a和(4.3±0.4)mm/a,在地表以下6km的闭锁程度分别为0.43,0.22和0.25,其滑动亏损速率分别为3.3mm/a,2.6mm/a和2.3mm/a,红河断裂带闭锁程度和应变积累程度都比较低,与近年来红河断裂带整体活动微弱的现状相吻合。  相似文献   

钱塘江河口盐度数值模拟   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

许丹  孙志林  祝丽丽  黄赛花 《海洋与湖沼》2013,44(4):829-836

强潮河口盐水入侵对饮用水源地危害极大。基于平面二维水动力盐度模型, 对典型强潮河口—钱塘江的水动力及盐水入侵过程进行了数值模拟研究。结果表明枯水径流时盐度变化与潮位过程曲线类似, 潮差对盐度大小影响显著, 径流量的增加将逐渐减小其相似程度。当流量增加到一定程度后, 继续增加的一定径流量所产生的抑咸效果减弱, 水资源有效利用率降低, 此时允许水源地盐度超标并改从蓄淡避咸水库取水可有效节约水资源。盐度平面分布显示, 盐水入侵在强潮河口弯道处受涨潮流主流线影响明显, 靠近主流线一岸的盐度大于对岸, 单从盐水入侵角度考虑, 强潮河口弯道段的取水口应设置在远离涨潮流主流线一岸。钱塘江河口盐度数值模拟对于研究减轻盐水入侵对水源地危害的措施具有指导意义。  相似文献   

Remotely sensed assessment of water quality levels in the Pearl River Estuary, China   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

Chen C  Tang S  Pan Z  Zhan H  Larson M  Jönsson L 《Marine pollution bulletin》2007,54(8):1267-1272

In this paper, a method of assessing water quality from satellite data is introduced. The composite pollution index (CPI) was calculated from measured chemical oxygen demand (COD) and nutrient concentration. The relationships between CPI and 240 band combinations of SeaWiFS water-leaving radiance were analyzed and the optimal band combination for estimating CPI was chosen from the 240 band combinations. An algorithm for retrieval of CPI was developed using the optimal band combination, (L₄₄₃ × L₅₁₀)/(L₄₁₂ + L₄₉₀). The CPI was estimated from atmospherically corrected SeaWiFS data by employing the algorithm. Furthermore, the CPI value range for each water quality level was determined based on data obtained from 850 samples taken in the Pearl River Estuary. The remotely sensed CPIs were then transferred to water quality levels and appropriate maps were derived. The remotely sensed water quality level maps displayed a similar distribution of levels based on in situ investigation issued by the State Ocean Administration, China. This study demonstrates that remote sensing can play an important role in water quality assessment.  相似文献   

Iron and phosphorus effects on the growth of Cryptomonas sp. (Cryptophyceae) and their availability in sediments from the Pearl River Estuary, China   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Huan-Xin Weng  Ya-Chao Qin  Xiang-Wei Sun  Hailiang Dong  Xiang-Hua Chen 《Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science》2007,73(3-4):501-509

Based on lab-culture experiments analyzing limitation and combination of iron and phosphorus on the growth of Cryptomonas sp. (Cryptophyceae), and the study of accumulation and release of Fe-bound P in sediment cores collected from the marine region of the Pearl River Estuary, China, reasons for the high frequency of phytoplankton bloom therein are discussed. Results show that the combined effect of Fe and P can obviously accelerate algal development, and the optimum culture conditions maintaining maximum growth rate are 0.05 μM Fe and 50 μM P. Cellular contents of Fe and P is consistent and the P:Fe molar ratio is 159:1. The optimum range of the P:Fe molar ratio in culture experiments for cell incubation is 500–1400. The vertical trends of total Fe and total P variations in sediments are parallel. Fe-bound P is the main species of inorganic sedimentary P. Through continuous leaching with agitation, 34–80% of exchangeable P and 4–23% of exchangeable Fe are concurrently released from the surficial sediments. This is a possible way by which nutrients are made available to phytoplankton. These factors might be responsible for a high frequency of harmful algal blooms in the Pearl River Estuary.  相似文献   

塔里木盆地塔中-巴楚地区上奥陶统良里塔格组米兰科维奇旋回性沉积记录研究   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

赵宗举  陈轩  潘懋  吴兴宁  郑兴平  潘文庆 《地质学报》2010,84(4):518-536

通过露头、钻井岩芯沉积相观察及高频旋回识别,结合全岩碳氧同位素旋回、自然伽玛能谱测井ln(Th/K)值频谱分析及地震反射特征,研究了塔里木盆地塔中—巴楚地区分布的上奥陶统良里塔格组开阔台地及外缓坡相碳酸盐岩中发育的四～六级高频层序(旋回)特征及其叠置关系。认为其六级米级旋回、五级准层序及四级准层序组可能分别与20～40ka、100ka及400ka周期的Milankovitch日-地轨道气候旋回有关,并识别出该区良里塔格组由11～12个400ka周期的准层序组构成。提出海相碳酸盐岩全岩或生物壳碳同位素值可作为反映全球海平面相对变化的指标及识别形成三级层序的主控因素(全球海平面变化、地区性构造沉降-抬升运动)的方法——碳同位素-沉积旋回对比分析法。晚奥陶世良里塔格组沉积时期,塔中台地北缘总体表现为向上变浅的加积型沉积叠置型式,主要与塔中I号断裂活动控制形成的高陡型镶边台地边缘有关;巴楚台地西北缘则表现为向上变浅的加积-进积复合型沉积叠置型式,主要与其断裂活动弱、受沉积作用控制为主的缓坡台地边缘有关。塔中-巴楚台地良里塔格组表现为一个完整三级层序的形成与演化,主要受控于该台地的构造(沉降-抬升)运动而不是全球海平面变化,属于典型的地区性构造层序及不具有全球对比意义。  相似文献   

Sediment records as archives of the Late Pleistocene-Holocene hydrological change in the alluvial Narmada River basin, western India     

Alpa Sridhar  L.S. Chamyal 《Proceedings of the Geologists' Association. Geologists' Association》2010,121(2):195-202

The rivers of western India are monsoon dominated and have been so throughout the late Quaternary. Sediment accumulation in these river basins has been controlled by climatic and tectonic changes over a time span from the Late Pleistocene to the recent. The lithofacies assemblages associated with the various sediment archives in the Narmada basin range from the boulders of the alluvial fans to overbank fines on the alluvial plains. Estimates, based on clast size, of stream power and competence, bed shear stress and discharge reveal that hydrological conditions during the Late Pleistocene (∼90 ka) were comparable to the present day. The size of the transported clasts and the thickness of the accumulated sediment indicate the influence of basin subsidence rather than an increase in discharge. Discharge estimates based on sedimentary structures preserved in the alluvial-plain facies suggest that the channel had a persistent flow, with a low width-depth ratio and large meander wavelength. The hydrological changes during the Holocene are more pronounced where the early Holocene is marked by a high-intensity hydrological regime that induced erosion and incision of the earlier sediments. The mid-Holocene stream channel was less sinuous and had a higher width-depth ratio and a higher meander amplitude in comparison with the present-day channel. Palaeo-fluvial reconstructions based on the sediment archives in the alluvial reach of the river basin are important tools in understanding the long-term hydrological changes and the intricate fluvial architecture preserved in the Narmada River basin ensures scope for detailed studies to identify phases of weak and enhanced hydrological regimes.  相似文献