On the Parameterisation of the Effective Roughness Length for Momentum Transfer over Heterogeneous Terrain   总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0  

K. Goode  S. E. Belcher 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》1999,93(1):133-154

We develop a parameterisation for the effective roughness length of terrain that consists of a repeating sequence of patches, in which each patch is composed of strips of two roughness types. A numerical model with second-order closure in the turbulent stress is developed and used to show that: (i) the normalised Reynolds stress develops as a self-similar profile; (ii) the mixing-length parameterisation is a good first-order approximation to the Reynolds stress. These findings are used to characterise the blending layer, where the stress adjusts smoothly from its local surface value to its effective value aloft. Previous studies have assumed that this adjustment occurs abruptly at a single level, often called the blending height. The blending layer is shown to be characterised by height scales that arise naturally in linear models of surface layer flow over roughness changes, and calculations with the numerical model show that these height scales remain appropriate in the nonlinear regime. This concept of the blending layer allows the development of a new parameterisation of the effective roughness length, which gives values for the effective roughness length that are shown to compare well with both atmospheric measurements and values determined from the second-order model.  相似文献   

A theoretical investigation of bed-form shapes     

Richard?StylesEmail author  Scott M.?Glenn 《Ocean Dynamics》2003,53(3):278-287

The deformation of movable boundaries under the action of an applied turbulent shear stress is well known. The resulting bed forms often are highly organized and nearly two-dimensional, which makes them an intriguing focus of study considering that they are generated in both steady and oscillatory turbulent flows. Many past studies share a common approach in which an infinitesimal perturbation is prescribed and the resulting growth or decay patterns are examined. In this approach, the bed forms are usually sinusoidal and the perturbation analysis does not provide a theoretical prediction of equilibrium bed-form geometry. An alternative approach is suggested here in which the forcing terms (pressure and stress) are prescribed parametrically and the governing equations are solved for the flow velocity and the associated boundary deformation. Using a multilayered approach, in which the bottom boundary layer is divided into a discrete, yet, arbitrary number of finite layers, analytical solutions for the horizontal current and bed profile are derived. The derivations identify two nondimensional parameters, p₀/u₀² and ₀/kh₀u₀², which modulate the amplitude of the velocity fluctuations and boundary deformation. For the case of combined pressure and stress divergence anomalies, the magnitude of the front face and lee slopes exhibit an asymmetry that is consistent with observed bed forms in steady two-dimensional flows.Responsible Editor: Jens Kappenberg  相似文献   

大地热流对中国西部环境与生态演变的影响及其研究意义   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

匡耀求  黄宁生  吴志峰  胡振宇  孙波  刘承帅 《地球科学进展》2003,18(1):22-029

中国西部地区生态环境的优劣与大地热流的高低有良好的对应关系。大地热流较高的西南地区生态环境优良,孕育了我国最好的生物多样性;而大地热流较低的西北地区环境恶劣,生态脆弱,荒漠化严重。大地热流的脉动影响区域大气系统下垫面的热力背景和气流运动,从而影响降水的分布和区域气候的干湿程度;大地热流的高低决定了一个地区地表生态系统能量供给的下限,是生态系统演变过程中一个重要的物种限制因子,制约了一些地区生态系统物种的多样性,进而影响到区域生态系统的稳健性。对大地热流影响生态系统发育和演变机理的研究将为人类科学干预地表生态系统的演化、恢复与重建退化生态系统提供科学依据与技术方案。提出了西部生态环境整治的一些新的思路。  相似文献   

基于边界积分方程的"准三极"法电阻率层析成像     

毛先进  鲍光淑 《地球物理学进展》2000,15(2):40-46

基于边界积分方程,提出了依据二极采样数据、但利用电位差的某种线性组合的"准三极"电阻率层析成像方法.研究表明,该方法不仅较好地解决了对高阻异常体的成像问题,而且使低阻异常体的成像质量获得了明显改善和提高,因此增强了电阻率层析成像技术的实用性.  相似文献   

A new scheme for numerical modelling of flow and transport processes in 3D fractured porous media     

Andrés Peratta  Viktor Popov 《Advances in water resources》2006

The objective of this work is to develop a new numerical approach for the three-dimensional modelling of flow and transient solute transport in fractured porous media which would provide an accurate and efficient treatment of 3D complex geometries and inhomogeneities. For this reason, and in order to eliminate as much as possible the number of degrees of freedom, the fracture network, fractures and their intersections, are solved with a coupled 2D–1D model while the porous matrix is solved independently with a 3D model. The interaction between both models is accounted for by a coupling iterative technique. In this way it is possible to improve efficiency and reduce CPU usage by avoiding 3D mesh refinements of the fractures. The approach is based on the discrete-fracture model in which the exact geometry and location of each fracture in the network must be provided as an input. The formulation is based on a multidimensional coupling of the boundary element method-multidomain (BEM-MD) scheme for the flow and boundary element dual reciprocity method-multidomain (BE-DRM-MD) scheme for the transport. Accurate results and high efficiency have been obtained and are reported in this paper.  相似文献   

黄土高原植被变化对环境影响的数值模拟   总被引：4，自引：10，他引：4  

梁玲  吕世华  柳媛普 《高原气象》2006,25(4):575-582

使用美国NCAR新版MM5非静力平衡模式,模拟了黄土高原2003年6月26~30日的一次降水过程。该试验是通过改变黄土高原局部地区植被覆盖情况,对比分析植被改变区域内各气象要素的变化情况。结果表明:植被改善能使雨量增加,径流量减小,湿度增大,温度日较差减小,使气候变的温和。植被退化却使雨量减少,径流加大,易使水土流失,对水土保持不利。试验较全面地揭示了非均匀地表大气边界层内的温、湿场与陆面相互作用的机理。  相似文献   

Moving boundaries in transboundary air pollution co-production of science and policy under the convention on long range transboundary air pollution     

Willemijn Tuinstra  Leen Hordijk  Carolien Kroeze 《Global Environmental Change》2006,16(4):349-363

This article focuses on the science–policy interaction in international negotiations in the context of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe's Convention for Long Range Transboundary Air Pollution (CLRTAP). It addresses the question how participants in the assessment process divide and co-ordinate work between science and policy and how this enhances credibility, legitimacy and relevance with multiple audiences. For this purpose the article combines an analytical framework to approach effectiveness of scientific assessment in policy making, with the notion of boundary work and co-production of science and policy. The article argues that knowledge produced within the CLRTAP process and the institutional setting in which this knowledge production takes place cannot be separated from each other. Furthermore credibility, legitimacy and relevance are to a large extent determined by boundary work in an early stage of the process. At the same time boundary work has to take place continuously in order keep the assessment process credible, legitimate and relevant for new audiences. The application of a combined framework for analysing credibility, legitimacy and relevance and for analysing boundary work turns out to be helpful in describing in detail what happens in practice at the science–policy interface. In particular it helps to address the question of the way participants in the assessment process divide and co-ordinate work, how this shapes design elements and how this enhances credibility legitimacy and relevance of an assessment.  相似文献   

论中国陆相侏罗系——白垩系界线   总被引：2，自引：2，他引：2  

季强柳永清  姬书安陈文吕君昌  尤海鲁袁崇喜 《地质通报》2006,25(3):336-339

介绍了中国学者近几年在陆相侏罗系-白垩系界线研究领域的最新成果,讨论了陆相侏罗系-白垩系界线研究的原则和方法,指出了目前工作中存在的问题,初步认为在建立中国陆相中生界区域年代系统时要特别注意系、统的界线必须与国际接轨,时间上应与国际系、统界线相一致.如果国际地质科学联合会和国际地层委员会最终采用135Ma作为国际侏罗系-白垩系界线的年龄值,那么冀北-辽西地区陆相侏罗系-白垩系界线推测应在张家口组底部,与区域不整合面相一致,表明热河生物群的时代肯定为早白垩世.如果国际侏罗系-白垩系界线的年龄值将来确定为145Ma,那么冀北-辽西地区陆相侏罗系-白垩系界线推测位于土城子组的上部,意味着冀北地区缺失凡兰吟阶的地层,辽西地区可能缺失凡兰吟阶和欧特里沃阶的地层.  相似文献   

松山-布容地磁极性倒转在黄土高原东南缘记录的可靠性探讨   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1       下载免费PDF全文

王喜生  杨振宇  R.Lφvlie  裴军令  孙知明 《第四纪研究》2007,27(6):963-971

中国黄土的剩磁获得机理和Lock-in深度问题是目前黄土古地磁研究的焦点和核心问题之一,它直接关系到黄土时间标尺的精确度和海陆古气候对比的可靠性.文章以黄土高原东南缘三门峡曹村剖面获得的高分辨率古地磁极性界线作为年代控制点,通过黄土-古土壤序列1.1Ma以来的磁气候记录与近年来中、高纬度大西洋ODP/DSDP钻孔中获得的具有高分辨率古地磁年代约束的深海氧同位素记录进行了详细对比分析,提出与传统的海陆对比不同的基于古地磁界线的海陆对比方案:松山/布容地磁极性转换界线记录在曹村剖面S8的顶部,可对应深海沉积的MIS 19,而不是前人认为的MIS 21.黄土高原不同地区记录东亚冬、夏季风的差异性和变化性可能是全球具同时性的松山/布容地磁极性转换在黄土高原不同地区产出层位不一致性的主要原因,而基于Lock-in模型的天文年代标尺则可能高估了黄土/古土壤的年龄.  相似文献   

活动构造研究中相关速率的原地宇宙成因核素年代学约束     

张会平  张培震  郑文俊  郑德文  陈正位 《地震地质》2007,29(2):418-430

活动构造研究中获得的相关速率是解释活动构造运动方式和幅度的重要基础,同时也能够提供检验和建立有关运动学和动力学模型的必要参数。原地宇宙成因核素年代学是近几十年来随着加速质谱的出现而逐渐发展并不断广泛应用于地学,特别是地表过程以及活动构造研究中来的。由于仪器测试费用高以及处理流程比较复杂,国内早期相关研究没有得以广泛开展,然而目前正呈现逐渐升温的趋势。在样品采集以及精细野外地质调查测量的基础上,活动构造研究中的活动断裂运动速率,活动构造区的河流水系侵蚀下切速率以及古地震事件,活动火山喷发事件等均可以通过原地宇宙成因核素年代学定量约束。文中在概述原地宇宙成因核素年代学基本原理的基础上,总结了国内外有关该年代学在活动构造研究应用中的最新成果和资料,重点介绍了基于原地宇宙成因核素年代学方法获取和解释活动构造研究中相关速率的成果  相似文献