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《中国科学:地球科学》2021,(8)
地貌演化受到区域构造抬升、气候变化和河流动力学共同调节.然而,如何通过地表剥蚀和河流下切作用来区分这些机制仍存在争议.本文对贵州高原地区洞穴沉积物、现代河流沉积物和基岩中石英颗粒的原位宇宙成因核素~(10)Be、~(26)Al和~(21)Ne含量进行分析,探讨了~(21)Ne在地质年代学中的适用性,并讨论了该地区第四纪地貌演化历史.通过~(26)Al-~(10)Be和~(21)Ne-~(10)Be核素对的对比分析,我们发现石英样品中由U和Th衰变产生的核反应成因~(21)Ne含量不可忽视,同时也有可能存在继承性宇宙成因~(21)Ne.在前人的研究基础上,我们总结了宇宙成因核素~(21)Ne精确定年须注意的几个方面:(1)评估样品中核反应成因~(21)Ne的贡献;(2)避免采集有复杂埋藏历史的样品以排除继承性~(21)Ne的影响;(3)对第四纪样品~(10)Be-~(26)Al-~(21)Ne三核素联用.基于~(26)Al-~(10)Be核素对计算出的样品埋藏年代和流域在埋藏前的剥蚀速率,我们确定了贵州高原地区不同时间尺度地表剥蚀速率和河流下切速率的变化.不同时间尺度的~(26)Al-~(10)Be流域剥蚀速率、~(36)Cl剥蚀速率和现代河流剥蚀速率的一致性,表明贵州高原景观尺度的地表剥蚀速率可能在第四纪以来已经达到稳定状态.该地区河流下切速率略高于局部地表剥蚀速率,表明区域构造抬升导致的河流动力学可能尚未达到稳定状态. 相似文献
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宇宙成因核素~(21)Ne测年原理和应用 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
宇宙成因核素测年方法在地表暴露测年和沉积物埋藏测年方面均具有重要应用价值,还可用于定量计算地表侵蚀、地形抬升和河流下切等反映气候及构造运动影响的地表过程速率,对研究地球各圈层之间的相互作用关系具有重要意义,是第四纪年代学领域中一种重要的测年方法。与放射性宇宙成因核素10Be、26Al相比,稳定核素21Ne在地表暴露定年方面具有测年范围宽、测年材料选择范围广、测试所需样品量少、前处理过程简单等优点。通过与放射性核素的结合使用,稳定核素21Ne还可用于沉积物的埋藏测年,并具有比10Be-26Al埋藏测年法更高的测年上限和测年精度。稳定核素21Ne测年方法的应用在国内尚处于起步阶段,但可以预见,这一方法将以其独特的优势在第四纪地质学、地貌演化及活动构造等诸多研究领域得到广泛的应用。 相似文献
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就地宇宙成因核素测年是基岩断层面和滑坡、崩塌体古地震研究中至关重要的年代测定方法之一,其测定的目标矿物较多。石英因其成分简单、分布广泛且易于进行化学处理而成为就地宇宙成因核素测年中的一种理想测年矿物。从野外采集的岩石中分离出纯石英是就地宇成核素测年实验的首要步骤,同时也是一个关键环节。常规的HF/HNO3蚀刻分离提纯石英的方法耗时长、效率低,影响就地宇宙成因核素测年方法在活动构造中的应用。文中报道了一种采用实验室集成的石英浮选提纯装置及提纯方法,选取活动构造研究中2种宇成核素测年常用的长英质岩石样品——花岗质片麻岩和石英岩,经破碎、筛分出0.25～0.50mm粒径的颗粒作为试验样,成功实现了石英与长石等杂质矿物的有效分离,获得的石英组分中石英占90%以上,效果显著。结果表明,花岗岩类样品浮选分离后的石英组分再用HF/HNO3继续蚀刻2、 3次后,石英中的Al含量降至200ppm以下,完全满足宇宙成因核素测年的要求,隐晶质的石英岩经过浮选分离再蚀刻提纯,比全岩粉碎后直接提纯减少了一倍以上的时间。文中的浮选提纯装置和方法极大地减少了HF/HNO<... 相似文献
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原地宇宙成因核素测年方法在地质及地理研究领域应用广泛,测年对象众多。石英因其致密的晶体结构不易被大气成因10Be污染,以及较低的27Al含量的特点而成为宇宙成因核素测年方法中一种理想的测年物质。在分离石英样品10Be和26Al的实验流程中,石英的提纯是其中的一个关键环节。原始的HCl/H2O2和HF/HNO3蚀刻分离提纯石英方法应用广泛、安全可靠,但处理样品周期长、效率较低。因此,在原始流程的基础上,设计了3组实验流程与原始流程进行对比。结果显示,在样品石英纯度较高的基础上,可以通过减少超声波使用时间、增加蚀刻溶液浓度及每步样品处理量的方法,提高样品的处理效率,同时可以用加热磁力搅拌器替代超声波清洗器进行石英样品的HF/HNO3蚀刻提纯 相似文献
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本文在对比研究川滇炉霍、石棉￣冕宁间、嵩明、大理、下关等地，前人所做全 世构造活动资料的基础上，结合近年沿同上地点主要开挖剖面及年代学成果，提出距今约３０００年，可能存在一次重要的构造事件。包括构造位错、古地震的证据表明，晚全新世以来沿炉霍－嵩明这一青藏高原东边界断裂，可能具有一致的运动速率。 相似文献
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利用就地产生的宇宙成因核素＾１０Ｂｅ测定了蒙古西部戈壁阿尔泰地区被一条主要活断层断错的冲积面的最小暴露年龄。由此得出该断的最大滑动速率约为１．２ｍｍ／ａ。也说明宇宙成因同位素测定暴露年龄对第四纪构造分析的重要意义。 相似文献
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中国地震局地质研究所新构造年代学实验室成立于1984年,1990年被批准为中国地震局开放实验室,丁国瑜院士为开放实验室主任。2003年底并入地震动力学国家重点实验室。现有研究和技术人员14名,其中研究员5名,8人具有博士学位;并且招收和培养相关学科的硕士和博士研究生。实验室拥有多种测年方法和测年手段,测年技术全、测年对象广、测年范围宽、仪器设备先进,在国内乃至国际同类实验室中独具特色。目前包括:碳十四(14C)、释光(OSL/TL)、电子自旋共振(ESR)、钾-氩(K-Ar)与氩-氩(Ar-Ar)、裂变径迹(FT)、宇宙成因核素(10Be/26Al、36Cl等)前处理及孢粉分析实验室。实验室自成立以来在活动构造与新构造年代学、构造热年代学、火山年代学、第四纪地质等方面开展了一系列的实验研究。2003年以来,在国家“十五”重点建设项目“中国地震活动断层探测技术系统”的大力支持下,对下属各实验室的实验运行环境、大型仪器设备进行了更新和改造。14C测年实验室始建于上世纪60年代末。目前拥有2套Quantulus-1220型超低本底液体闪烁测量仪以及小样品14C测年制样系统(制备样品量<500mg,合成效率在75%以 相似文献
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《地震地质》2021,43(3)
石底泉背斜位于柴达木盆地北缘宗务隆山与红山围限的山间盆地内,与怀头他拉背斜、德令哈背斜构成宗务隆山山前的第1排褶皱构造,限定石底泉背斜的构造地貌特征对研究柴达木盆地北缘构造变形、地壳缩短和青藏高原的向N扩展具有重要意义。文中通过地质地貌填图、高精度差分GPS地形剖面测量、地质剖面测绘和宇宙成因核素定年等方法,获得了石底泉背斜的构造地貌特征。基于宇宙成因核素定年获得构成褶皱主体的Fan3洪积扇的年龄为(158.32±15.54) ka,该年龄与共和运动同期,表明石底泉背斜的形成响应了青藏高原东北缘的共和运动。综合洪积扇变形量和废弃年代,获得石底泉背斜自158ka BP以来的隆升速率为(0.06±0.01) mm/a,缩短速率为(0.05±0.01) mm/a。石底泉背斜的褶皱作用表明,在柴达木盆地北缘,山间盆地的褶皱作用与山前逆断裂的逆冲缩短相同,均对造山带前陆的地壳缩短具有重要的调节作用。 相似文献
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宗务隆山南缘断裂位于柴达木盆地东北缘,是祁连山南缘与柴达木盆地的边界逆断裂,对其晚第四纪活动性进行研究对于理解祁连山地区应变分配模式以及该地区断裂向柴达木盆地内部的挤压扩展过程具有重要意义。文中通过遥感影像解译和野外地质调查,结合GPS地形剖面测量以及宇宙成因核素与光释光定年,对宗务隆山南缘断裂拜京图和蓄集乡等段落开展了详细的研究。综合分析拜京图和蓄集乡地区不同期次洪积扇的垂直位错以及相应地貌面的年龄,得到宗务隆山南缘断裂晚第四纪以来的平均垂直滑动速率为(0. 41±0. 05) mm/a,水平缩短速率为0. 47～0. 80mm/a,约占祁连山地区地壳缩短速率的10%。这些结果有助于进一步理解祁连山地区的应变分配模式以及柴达木盆地北缘地区的构造变形机制。 相似文献
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Basic characteristics of active tectonics of China 总被引：84，自引：8，他引：76
Active tectonics is inferred to all the structures which have been active since the late Pleisto-cene, 100—120 ka B.P., are still active recently, and will be active in a certain time period in the future, such as active faults, active folds, active basi… 相似文献
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Using high precision GPS data for the period of 1999–2007 from the China Crustal Movement Observation Network, we have constructed a plate kinematic model of crustal deformation of Fenwei basin, China. We have examined different kinematic models that can fit the horizontal crustal deformation of the Fenwei basin using three steps of testing. The first step is to carry out unbiasedness and efficiency tests of various models. The second step is to conduct significance tests of strain parameters of the models. The third step is to examine whether strain parameters can fully represent the deformation characteristics of the 11 tectonic blocks over the Fenwei basin. Our results show that the degree of rigidity at the Ordos, Hetao, Yinshan and South China blocks is significant at the 95% confidence level, indicating the crustal deformation of these blocks can be represented by a rigid block model without the need to consider differential deformation within blocks. We have demonstrated that homogeneous strain condition is suitable for the Yinchuan basin but not for other 6 blocks. Therefore, inhomogeneous strains within blocks should be considered when establishing the crustal deformation model for these blocks. We have also tested that not all of the quadratic terms of strain parameters are needed for the Yuncheng-Linfen block. Therefore, four kinds of elastic kinematic models that can best represent the detailed deformation characteristics of the 11 blocks of Fenwei basin are finally obtained. Based on the established model, we have shown that the current tectonic strain feature of the Fenwei basin is mainly characterized by tensile strain in the NW–SE direction, and the boundaries betweem the Ganqing and Ordos blocks and the Shanxi graben possess the maximum shear strain. A comparison between our results and past geological and geophysical investigations further confirms that the model established in this paper is reasonable. 相似文献
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INTRODUCTIONEarthquake is the best information source for describingthe present_daytectonic zones and stressfield of the crust,which contains comprehensive and abundant geodynamic connotations.Theresearches on global earthquakes are important for the esta… 相似文献
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地震是描述地壳现今构造带和应力场的最佳信息源,包含了全面而又丰富的动力学内涵。根据全球地震的分布及其运动学、动力学特征,全球最活动的构造被划分为环太平洋构造系、大洋中脊构造系和大陆构造系等 3个全球Ⅰ级构造系统。文中应用包含多种参数的哈佛CMT地震目录,研究了全球及其 3个Ⅰ级构造系统的地震震源破裂类型、地震活动特征、震源深度分布特征等,讨论了三大构造系在这些方面存在的差别,进而说明了各个构造系在构造环境和动力作用方面的差别 相似文献
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Marc Daignieres Vincent Courtillot Roger Bayer Paul Tapponnier 《Earth and Planetary Science Letters》1975,26(2):222-232
In Iceland tectonic activity in the neovolcanic zone leads to the formation of three kinds of parallel structures: open fissures, emissive fissures, and normal faults.This observation is used to built a kinematic model which is based on the superposition of lava flows generated from an active central belt of finite width. The results are in good agreement with the recent results in magnetism and tectonic observations of both subaerial and underwater active ridges. 相似文献
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本文在前人对中国大陆及周边活动地块研究和划分的基础上，系统研究了6个Ⅰ级活动地块区和22个Ⅱ级活动地块之间共26个活动边界带的构造变形与强震活动，包括强震分布与活动边界带的关系，边界带构造活动速率与地震活动水平及强震复发期等的关系. 给出了边界带强震活动水平与构造活动速率之间的线性关系和强震复发期长短与构造活动速率的反向变化关系. 从而进一步揭示了中国大陆活动地块构造及其块体运动特征，以及块体边界带的构造变形对强震的控制作用. 相似文献
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The geology of Western and Central Europe is significantly influenced by the Variscan orogen that developed during Devonian and Carboniferous time. Numerical models are essential in understanding and quantifying the involved endogenous and exogenous processes and their interactions. These are mainly based on the large-scale mass redistribution caused by erosion and fluvial sedimentary transport. The sedimentary mass flux leads to changing loads on the lithosphere and affects therefore the evolution of the orogen and the foreland-basin. The complex feedback-mechanism of the surface and tectonic processes is studied by three-dimensional elastic–plastic numerical models. The calculated uplift rates are used to model the interaction between tectonic and surface processes such as erosion and sedimentation. An iterative application of the numerical models for the tectonic and surface processes yields a detailed view of the evolution of the foreland-basin. The tectonic model itself (excluding surface processes) already shows some of the palinspastically reconstructed important features of the lower Carboniferous like the London-Brabant Massif, and the northward propagation of the Variscan deformation front. The results obtained from the coupled analysis can be compared to studies of the sedimentary record (i.e. time, thickness, and sedimentation rates) and other geological concepts (i.e. stability of geological provinces). The results demonstrate that both processes are essential in understanding the complex structural evolution of the Variscides and their foreland. The numerical approach on the tectonic–surface process interaction can also be applied easily to other geological settings. 相似文献
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利用华北地区1992，1995和1996年所施测的高精度GPS结果，对华北地区内部同期不同运动性质的活动单元进行辨别，确定了4个有明显差异运动的活动单元和1个过渡带，它们分别是鄂尔多斯 阴山单元、燕山单元、晋冀鲁单元、胶辽鲁单元和燕——冀过渡带；并给出了这一时期相邻单元间的相对运动，具体为:①鄂尔多斯——阴山单元与燕山单元之间不存在明显的压缩运动（量值为0.41.3 mm/a）；② 晋冀鲁单元背离鄂尔多斯 阴山单元向东偏南40的方向运动，量值为4.41.0 mm/a；③相对于燕——冀差异运动转换带，燕山单元向西偏北38方向运动，量值为2.41.3 mm/a，晋冀鲁单元向东偏南35方向运动，量值为2.30.9 mm/a；④晋冀鲁单元相对于燕山单元向东偏南37方向呈张拉型左旋运动，量值为4.71.4 mm/a；⑤位于晋冀鲁断块南部郯庐带附近的局部地区有偏离晋冀鲁单元的运动，方向为南偏西14，量值为1.51.1 mm/a；⑥相对于晋冀鲁单元，胶辽鲁单元有顺时针运动的趋势。其与燕山单元为邻的北端表现为张拉型右旋运动，南端则表现压性运动．需要说明的是，这里所给出的误差是根据单元内各点位移间的离散性得到的，并不是由观测点位移误差计算求得的．分析结果还表明:①山西带和燕——冀过渡带是体现华北内部相对运动格架及强弱的主要构造活动带，其它构造活动带则为次一级的活动带；② 华北地区整体水平形变并非均匀连续；③华北地区的动力模式可能为地幔拖曳＋边界耦合． 相似文献
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A STUDY REVIEW ON CHARACTERISTICS OF SEISMIC ACTIVITY OF ACTIVE-TECTONIC BLOCK BOUNDARIES IN MAINLAND CHINA 
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下载免费PDF全文 More than 80 percent of strong earthquakes(M≥7.0)occur in active-tectonic block boundaries in mainland China, and 95 percent of strong earthquake disasters also occur in these boundaries. In recent years, all strong earthquakes(M≥7.0)happened in active-tectonic block boundaries. For instance, 8 strong earthquakes(M≥7.0)occurred on the eastern, western, southern and northern boundaries of the Bayan Har block since 1997. In order to carry out the earthquake prediction research better, especially for the long-term earthquake prediction, the active-tectonic block boundaries have gradually become the key research objects of seismo-geology, geophysics, geodesy and other disciplines. This paper reviews the research results related to seismic activities in mainland China, as well as the main existing recognitions and problems as follows: 1)Most studies on seismic activities in active-tectonic block boundaries still remain at the statistical analysis level at present. However, the analysis of their working foundations or actual working conditions can help investigate deeply the seismic activities in the active-tectonic block boundaries; 2)Seismic strain release rates are determined by tectonic movement rates in active-tectonic block boundaries. Analysis of relations between seismic strain release rates and tectonic movement rates in mainland China shows that the tectonic movement rates in active-tectonic block boundaries of the eastern region are relatively slow, and the seismic strain release rates are with the smaller values too; the tectonic movement rates in active-tectonic block boundaries of the western region reveal higher values, and their seismic strain rates are larger than that of the eastern region. Earthquake recurrence periods of all 26 active-tectonic block boundaries are presented, and the reciprocals of recurrence periods represent high and low frequency of seismic activities. The research results point out that the tectonic movement rates and the reciprocals of recurrence periods for most faults in active-tectonic block boundaries exhibit linear relations. But due to the complexities of fault systems in active tectonic block boundaries, several faults obviously deviate from the linear relationship, and the relations between average earthquake recurrence periods and tectonic movement rates show larger uncertainties. The major reason is attributed to the differences existing in the results of the current earthquake recurrence studies. Furthermore, faults in active-tectonic boundaries exhibit complexities in many aspects, including different movement rates among various segments of the same fault and a certain active-tectonic block boundary contains some parallel faults with the same earthquake magnitude level. Consequently, complexities of these fault systems need to be further explored; 3)seismic activity processes in active-tectonic block boundaries present obvious regional characteristics. Active-tectonic block boundaries of the eastern mainland China except the western edge of Ordos block possess clustering features which indicate that due to the relatively low rate of crustal deformation in these areas, a long-time span is needed for fault stress-strain accumulation to show earthquake cluster activities. In addition, active-tectonic block boundaries in specific areas with low fault stress-strain accumulation rates also show seismic clustering properties, such as the clustering characteristics of strong seismic activities in Longmenshan fault zone, where a series of strong earthquakes have occurred successively, including the 2008 M8.0 Wenchuan, the 2013 M7.0 Lushan and the 2017 M7.0 Jiuzhaigou earthquakes. The north central regions of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, regarded as the second-grade active-tectonic block boundaries, are the concentration areas of large-scale strike-slip faults in mainland China, and most of seismicity sequences show quasi-period features. Besides, most regions around the first-grade active-tectonic block boundary of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau display Poisson seismic processes. On one hand, it is still necessary to investigate the physical mechanisms and dynamics of regional structures, on the other hand, most of the active-tectonic block boundaries can be considered as fault systems. However, seismic activities involved in fault systems have the characteristic of in situ recurrence of strong earthquakes in main fault segments, the possibilities of cascading rupturing for adjacent fault segments, and space-time evolution characteristics of strong earthquakes in fault systems. 4)The dynamic environment of strong earthquakes in mainland China is characterized by “layering vertically and blocking horizontally”. With the progresses in the studies of geophysics, geochemistry, geodesy, seismology and geology, the physical models of different time/space scales have guiding significance for the interpretations of preparation and occurrence of continental strong earthquakes under the active-tectonic block frame. However, since the movement and deformation of the active-tectonic blocks contain not only the rigid motion and the horizontal differences of physical properties of crust-mantle medium are universal, there is still need for improving the understanding of the dynamic processes of continental strong earthquakes. So it is necessary to conduct in-depth studies on the physical mechanism of strong earthquake preparation process under the framework of active-tectonic block theory and establish various foundation models which are similar to seismic source physical models in California of the United States, and then provide technological scientific support for earthquake prevention and disaster mitigation. Through all kinds of studies of the physical mechanisms for space-time evolution of continental strong earthquakes, it can not only promote the transition of the study of seismic activities from statistics to physics, but also persistently push the development of active-tectonic block theory. 相似文献
20.
L. P. Imaeva B. M. Koz’min V. S . Imaev N. N. Grib S. V. Ashurkov 《Journal of Seismology》2017,21(2):385-410
The paper presents the modern structural-tectonic pattern and a tectonodynamic model of the zone of interaction of the most seismically active northeastern side of the Baikal rift zone (BRZ) and the conjugate system of seismogenic structures of the Aldan-Stanovoy block, where disastrous events with M ≥ 6.0 have been reported. Regularities in the structural formation of active faults and their kinematics are discussed. The faults form block structures accumulating significant tectonic strain. Motions between large tectonic blocks cause sudden release of the strain, which results in catastrophic events (M ≥ 6.0) with focal mechanisms of definite kinematic type. 相似文献