湿地生态系统的服务功益及可持续利用   总被引：33，自引：5，他引：28  

张峰  周维芝  张坤 《地理科学》2003,23(6):674-679

湿地生态系统作为独特的生态系统类型多样,在地球上广泛分布。湿地生态系统在改善环境、调洪蓄洪、为人类提供各种资源等方面,具有调节气候和水文的生态服务功益、保护水禽迁徙和繁育的生态服务功益、丰富的生物多样性、降解和富集污染物的环境服务功益、物质生产服务功益和旅游服务功益等。鉴于目前湿地生态系统服务功益的片面理解和不合理利用问题,对湿地生态系统服务功益的可持续利用现状进行了分析,提出了湿地生态系统服务功益可持续利用的科学对策,包括全面认识和发挥湿地生态系统的生态和环境服务功益;正确处理直接和间接服务功益的关系,提高湿地生态系统的利用效率;寻求实现湿地生态系统综合经济服务功益的最佳开发模式。  相似文献   

植被时空变化的估算方法   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

李迈和 《地理学报(英文版)》2003,13(4):447-454

Plant diversity is used as an indicator of the well-being of vegetation and ecological systems. Human activities and global change drive vegetation change in composition and competition of species through plant invasions and replacement of existing species on a given scale. However, species diversity indices do not consider the effects of invasions on the diversity value and on the functions of ecosystems. On the other hand, the existing methods for diversity index can not be used directly for cross-scale evaluation of vegetation data. Therefore, we proposed a 3-dimensional model derived from the logistic equation for estimating vegetation change, using native and non-native plant diversity. The two variables, based on the current and the theoretical maximum diversity of native plants on a given scale, and the result of the model are relative values without units, and are therefore scale-independent. Hence, this method developed can be used directly for cross-scale evaluations nf vegetation data, and indirectly for estimatinu ecosvstem or environmental chanue.  相似文献   

基于遥感技术的生态系统服务价值动态评估模型研究   总被引：8，自引：1，他引：7  

王建  祁元  陈正华  马明国  李净  黄春林 《冰川冻土》2006,28(5):739-747

以甘肃省草地生态系统为例,利用多学科的知识综合发展了一个针对生态系统服务价值评估的动态模型,提出了一种适宜于地区性评估技术的单位价值计算方法,并构建以生物量比值系数以及货币变化指数为调节因子的动态监测模型结构.选择建立在植被机理基础上的CASA模型,模拟植被所吸收的光合有效辐射、植被层对入射光合有效辐射等,利用遥感技术反演了甘肃省年际植被净初级生产力NPP,并进行了验证.根据建立的动态模型分别评估了1999年和2002年甘肃省草地生态系统服务价值.结果表明:1985年甘肃省草地生态系统服务价值为283.6×10⁸元,1999年为1 403.7×10⁸元,2002达到1 308.6×10⁸元,全省草地生态系统服务价值呈现逐步增加的趋势.生态系统服务价值存在地域性特征并随时间而变化,目前的生态系统服务价值评估研究存在着众多不确定因素,进一步加快定量化研究深度,同时寻找有效的验证方法将是未来生态学乃至其它相关学科研究的重要主题之一.  相似文献   

青藏高原典型寒冻土壤对高寒生态系统变化的响应   总被引：12，自引：5，他引：7  

王一博  王根绪  程玉菲  李元寿 《冰川冻土》2006,28(5):633-641

高寒生态系统对全球变化非常敏感,以青藏高原腹地的长江黄河源区为研究区域,利用多期遥感TM数据和生态样带调查数据,提出生态综合指数方法.应用土壤结构、组成与水理特性等物理指标和土壤化学性质与养分含量指标,系统分析了青藏高原典型寒冻土壤如钙积寒性干旱土、简育寒性干旱土、草毡寒冻雏形土以及简育寒冻雏形土等对高寒生态系统变化的响应特征.结果表明:随着气候变化,主要高寒生态系统如高寒草甸、高寒草原以及高寒沼泽草甸等显著退化,寒冻土壤表层呈现明显粗粝化,草毡寒冻雏形土以及简育寒冻雏形土表层土壤细粒物质流失38.7%,土壤孔隙度和容重增加;高寒草甸土壤表层饱和导水率随综合生态指标值降低而急剧增大,当植被覆盖度<50%以后,土壤表层水分集聚现象不再存在,高寒草原土壤饱和导水率变化不明显;高寒草甸与高寒草原土壤的有机质和全氮含量均随生态指数减少而分别呈现抛物线和指数曲线形式减少.随着气候变暖和人类活动干扰的加剧,高寒草地生态系统变化将可能导致寒冻土壤环境持续退化并对高原草地碳循环产生重要的影响.  相似文献   

Global sensitivity analysis of DRAINMOD‐FOREST,an integrated forest ecosystem model          下载免费PDF全文

Shiying Tian  Mohamed A. Youssef  Devendra M. Amatya  Eric D. Vance 《水文研究》2014,28(15):4389-4410

Global sensitivity analysis is a useful tool to understand process‐based ecosystem models by identifying key parameters and processes controlling model predictions. This study reported a comprehensive global sensitivity analysis for DRAINMOD‐FOREST, an integrated model for simulating water, carbon (C), and nitrogen (N) cycles and plant growth in lowland forests. The analysis was carried out for multiple long‐term model predictions of hydrology, biogeochemistry, and plant growth. Results showed that long‐term mean hydrological predictions were highly sensitive to several key plant physiological parameters. Long‐term mean annual soil organic C content and mineralization rate were mainly controlled by temperature‐related parameters for soil organic matter decomposition. Mean annual forest productivity and N uptake were found to be mainly dependent upon plant production‐related parameters, including canopy quantum use efficiency and carbon use efficiency. Mean annual nitrate loss was highly sensitive to parameters controlling both hydrology and plant production, while mean annual dissolved organic nitrogen loss was controlled by parameters associated with its production and physical sorption. Parameters controlling forest production, C allocation, and specific leaf area highly affected long‐term mean annual leaf area. Results of this study could help minimize the efforts needed for calibrating DRAINMOD‐FOREST. Meanwhile, this study demonstrates the critical role of plants in regulating water, C, and N cycles in forest ecosystems and highlights the necessity of incorporating a dynamic plant growth model for comprehensively simulating hydrological and biogeochemical processes. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Impact of climate change on wetland ecosystems: A critical review of experimental wetlands     

Shokoufeh Salimi  Suhad A.A.A.N. Almuktar  Miklas Scholz 《Chemie der Erde / Geochemistry》2012

Climate change is identified as a major threat to wetlands. Altered hydrology and rising temperature can change the biogeochemistry and function of a wetland to the degree that some important services might be turned into disservices. This means that they will, for example, no longer provide a water purification service and adversely they may start to decompose and release nutrients to the surface water. Moreover, a higher rate of decomposition than primary production (photosynthesis) may lead to a shift of their function from being a sink of carbon to a source. This review paper assesses the potential response of natural wetlands (peatlands) and constructed wetlands to climate change in terms of gas emission and nutrients release. In addition, the impact of key climatic factors such as temperature and water availability on wetlands has been reviewed. The authors identified the methodological gaps and weaknesses in the literature and then introduced a new framework for conducting a comprehensive mesocosm experiment to address the existing gaps in literature to support future climate change research on wetland ecosystems. In the future, higher temperatures resulting in drought might shift the role of both constructed wetland and peatland from a sink to a source of carbon. However, higher temperatures accompanied by more precipitation can promote photosynthesis to a degree that might exceed the respiration and maintain the carbon sink role of the wetland. There might be a critical water level at which the wetland can preserve most of its services. In order to find that level, a study of the key factors of climate change and their interactions using an appropriate experimental method is necessary. Some contradictory results of past experiments can be associated with different methodologies, designs, time periods, climates, and natural variability. Hence a long-term simulation of climate change for wetlands according to the proposed framework is recommended. This framework provides relatively more accurate and realistic simulations, valid comparative results, comprehensive understanding and supports coordination between researchers. This can help to find a sustainable management strategy for wetlands to be resilient to climate change.  相似文献   

三峡不同蓄水阶段澎溪河CO₂通量的初步研究     

李哲  白镭  郭劲松  蒋滔  孙志禹  陈永柏 《水科学进展》2012,23(6):851-860

为掌握不同蓄水阶段温室气体通量强度,揭示水生生态系统在水库蓄水后的重建过程,选择2004年(蓄水后第1年)、2008年(蓄水后第5年)为典型年,结合同期主要环境参量,比较研究了三峡典型支流澎溪河回水区水柱表层CO₂分压p(CO₂)及其扩散通量F_CO2特征。研究发现,2004年澎溪河双江大桥处水柱表层p(CO₂)、F_CO2年均值分别为(101.9±7.5)Pa、(13.99±1.58)mmol/(m²·d),2008年相应为(129.1±16.4)Pa、(19.92±3.55)mmol/(m²·d)。水位上升淹没土地带来更多有机质降解,可能引起了p(CO₂)和F_CO2的总体升高;蓄水过程水域生态系统逐渐完善,浮游植物生长对p(CO₂)和F_CO2的影响逐渐显现。  相似文献   

江西省鄱阳湖流域农田生态系统土壤Se元素含量变化研究   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2       下载免费PDF全文

魏然  杨忠芳  侯青叶  尹国胜  衷存堤  邓国辉  马逸麟 《地学前缘》2012,19(1):277-284

以江西省鄱阳湖流域农田生态系统中Se元素为研究对象,以大气干湿沉降、灌溉、施肥、喷施农药为输入途径,以农作物收割、地表径流以及Se升华为输出途径对Se的生物地球化学循环规律进行研究。结果表明,鄱阳湖流域Se元素的大气干湿沉降通量密度平均值为6.90g/(hm2.a),灌溉、施肥、喷施农药通量密度明显较低,它们对土壤Se元素的富集贡献率分别为77%、20%、1%和2%。Se通过升华输出通量密度相对较小,土壤Se年净增量主要受大气干湿沉降的制约。以20cm厚的耕作土体为研究介质,经估算,当前的Se年平均通量密度可引起土壤Se质量分数升高0.007mg/kg。20a后研究区富硒土壤将由目前5 960km2增加至6 672km2。研究中未考虑天降水下渗问题,这对中国南方土壤中元素的地球化学行为有非常重要的影响。  相似文献   

生态系统服务权衡与协同视角下的重点生态功能区保护特征   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

祝汉收  翟俊  侯鹏  王桥  陈妍  金点点  王永财 《地理学报》2022,77(5):1275-1288

重点生态功能区提供着源源不断的生态系统服务,在保障国家生态安全和社会可持续发展方面,有着不可或缺的基础作用。但是,以生态系统服务权衡与协同关系为视角,进而探讨分析重点生态功能区保护特征的研究案例相对较少。本文以秦巴重点生态功能区为评估分析区域,选择自然地理条件相似度极高的秦巴山区为参照单元,以生态系统供给服务与调节服务为核心内容,在定量分析2000—2019年期间的生态空间变化特征基础上,分析评估生态系统服务权衡与协同关系。结果表明：秦巴山区生态状况逐渐变好,重点生态功能区划定之后,生态系统趋于稳定;重点生态功能区服务能力呈逐渐增强的趋势,平均净初级生产力、土壤保持总量和水源涵养总量比重点生态功能区外分别高出了25.95 gC/m²、5.81亿t和24.95亿m³;土壤保持服务和生态系统供给服务的协同关系与生态状况改善呈正相关;由于受到降水的影响,2010年之后的水源涵养服务与生态系统供给服务的协同关系变差。总体来看,秦巴重点生态功能区的划定带动了区域生态空间“量的增长”和生态系统服务“质的提升”,但生态系统服务之间关系的“协调性”仍然不足,甚至从“协同”转为“权衡”关系,这要求未来国家需要制定更有针对性的生态系统保护管理决策,提高生态系统总体效益,支撑区域生态系统服务的可持续供给。  相似文献   

生态保护红线区生态系统服务多维驱动力的定量分离     

左丽媛  姜远  高江波  杜馥君  张怡博 《地理学报》2022,77(9):2174-2188

生态系统服务的时空变化受环境因子和服务间权衡/协同两个维度的驱动。在保障区域与国家生态安全、经济与社会可持续发展的生态保护红线区,厘清生态系统服务的驱动机制对该区生态系统的管理优化尤为重要。本文以北京生态保护红线区为例,考虑土壤保持、产水量和植被固碳3项生态系统服务,运用地理探测器判断并识别生态系统服务间关系的影响变量,进而基于偏相关方法定量分离并比较服务间净关系与环境变量两个维度对生态系统服务的影响。结果表明：对任一生态系统服务而言,环境变量和服务间关系对其空间异质性有不同程度的影响,且两种变量之间的交互作用均会增强单一变量对该生态系统服务空间分异的决定力。各服务形成过程的差异性使得影响服务间关系的重要环境因子存在区别,但土地利用强度均是3对服务空间关系的极重要因子,表明北京生态保护红线区土地利用的合理规划对该区生态系统服务的协同优化至关重要。剔除极重要因子后比较服务间净关系与环境变量对生态系统服务的影响,结果发现：环境变量（坡度和降水）对土壤保持时空变化的驱动力更强;降水和植被固碳服务两个维度对产水量的影响相近;植被固碳的时空变化与其他两项服务密切相关,环境变量的影响相对较小。  相似文献