Measurements of Trace Substances in the Arctic Troposphere as Potential Precursors and Constituents of Arctic Haze     

W. Jaeschke  T. Salkowski  J. P. Dierssen  J. T. Trümbach  U. Krischke  A. Günther 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》1999,34(3):291-319

During two measuring campaigns in early spring 1994 and 1995 (March/April) and one campaign in summer 1994, measurements of ozone, PAN, sulfur dioxide, nitric acid, and particulate nitrate, sulfate, and ammonium (only 1995) were recorded in the Arctic. Observations were made by aircraft at various sites in the eastern and western Arctic. Ozone concentrations showed a steady increase with altitude both in spring and summer. During five flights in springtime, low ozone events (LOEs) could be observed near the surface and up to altitudes of 2000 m. SO₂ background concentrations, ranging from detection limit (0.5 nmol/m³) to 5 nmol/m³, were observed during both spring and summer. Distinct maxima up to 55 nmol/m³ in lower altitudes were only obtained in springtime. Concentrations of the organic nitrate PAN were within a similar range as those of the inorganic nitrate HNO₃ during spring campaigns. In contrast, concentrations of particulate nitrate were one half an order of magnitude lower. HNO₃ concentrations increased significantly with altitude. Evidently, HNO₃ was intruded from the stratosphere into the troposphere. Sulfate concentrations ranged between 5 and 30 nmol/m³; ammonium concentrations were obtained within a range from 10 to 50 nmol/m³.  相似文献   

石墨炉原子吸收法测定生物样品中微量钒     

田莉玉  贾健秀  刘淑芹 《吉林地质》2004,23(4):106-108

生物样品用灼烧法,除去有机物,在浓度为5％的盐酸介质中,加入EDTA和铵盐作为基本改进剂,清除石墨炉原子吸收法测定钒时铜、铁离子的干扰,可直接测定钒．采用标准加入法回收率为96．4-106．8％,相对标准偏差3．95％。  相似文献   

AMMONIUM UPTAKE AND REGENERATION FLUXES OF THE MICROPLANKTON COMMUNITIES IN JIAOZHOU BAY   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

焦念志  王荣 《中国海洋湖沼学报》1994,12(2):165-174

The results from four cruises(Nov.1991—Jul.1992)to examine fluxes of ammonium uptake andregeneration in the surface layer of Jiaozhou Bay are presented.Seasonal variations of the two fluxeswere in the order:summer>spring>autumn>winter.Diel patterns were characterized by higher uptake inthe daytime and higher regeneration at night.Averaged uptake and regeneration fluxes on an annual scalewere 0.073 and 0.053 μmol·L~(-1)·h~(-1)respectively.Regeneration fluxes were always less than uptakefluxes throughout the year.The longest turnover time was 16.34 d(in winter),and the shortest one was0.68 d(in summer).The major uptake flux was contributed by the smallest fraction-picoplankton.Theextents of light-dependence of ammouium uptake by different size fractions were in the order:netplankton>nanoplankton>picoplankton..  相似文献   

The effects of artificial ammonium enhancement on riverine periphytic diatom communities   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Joachim Hürlimann  Ferdinand Schanz 《Aquatic Sciences - Research Across Boundaries》1993,55(1):40-64

An experiment to ascertain the influence of artificially enhanced ammonium concentrations on riverine periphytic diatom communities was conducted during an 80 day period in winter 1988/89 (temperature: 5°C). During an initial 47 day enrichment phase, ammonium chloride at different concentrations was added to O₂-saturated river water in experimental channels. Compared to a control, the addition of 1.2 mg NH ₄ ⁺ -N·l^–1 resulted in only slight changes in the species composition of the diatom community. The addition of 5.1 mg NH ₄ ⁺ -N·l^–1 and more (60 µg NH₃-N·l^–1) resulted in a decrease in the biomass and a drastic change in the species composition. After the 42 day enrichment period, the diatom speciesFragilaria capucina var.vaucheriae, Navicula saprophila, Navicula atomus andGomphonema parvulum, all of which are known to be tolerant to organic pollution, were found with relative abundances of 44.8%, 35.6%, 2.3% and 1.5%, respectively. Changes in species composition of the periphytic diatom communities occurred within the first two weeks of the subsequent recovery phase. After a month of recovery, all periphytic diatom communities exhibited a high degree of structural similarity with the control.  相似文献   

Suspended solids induce increasing microbial ammonium recycling along the river-estuary continuum of the Yangtze River     

Jingya Xue  Zhonghua Zhao  Xiaolong Yao  Weiting Liu  Lu Zhang 《水文研究》2021,35(8):e14345

Many large rivers worldwide are enriched with high levels of suspended solids (SS), which are known to be hotspots of many nitrogen (N) transformation processes (e.g., denitrification, nitrification). However, the influence of SS on microbial ammonium (NH₄⁺) recycling remains unclear. Water column NH₄⁺ regeneration rates (REGs) and potential uptake rates (U_pots) as well as community biological NH₄⁺ demand (CBAD) was measured in the river-estuary continuum of the third longest river in the world—Yangtze River, which has dramatic SS gradients. We found that REGs, U_pots, and CBAD all increased downriver, with higher REGs, U_pots, and CBAD in the estuary than in the river sections. The regeneration and uptake of NH₄⁺ were nearly balanced in the river sections, while the positive CBAD in the estuary indicated obvious NH₄⁺ demand of microbes. Concentrations of SS, which also control the content of chemical oxygen demand and particulate N, were the main factor influencing NH₄⁺ recycling rates and CBAD. SS-induced regenerated NH₄⁺ in the river-estuary continuum of Yangtze River was estimated to be 11.02 × 10⁸ kg N yr⁻¹ and accounted for about 14% of total N inputs, suggesting that regenerated NH₄⁺ is an important N source for microbes and may influence nutrient dynamics in lower coasts. To our knowledge, this is the first study to report NH₄⁺ recycling in Yangtze River with an emphasis on its influencing factors and contribution to N budgets.  相似文献   

海洋环境中的厌氧氨氧化细菌与厌氧氨氧化作用   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

姚鹏  于志刚 《海洋学报》2011,33(4):1-8

厌氧氨氧化是细菌在厌氧条件下将氨氮氧化成氮气的过程,主要应用在污水处理反应器中,最近几年发现在海洋环境中也广泛存在,并在海洋氮循环过程中发挥了重要作用,代表了海洋中一个巨大的氮汇,对碳循环和全球气候变化也有重要影响.梯烷膜脂结构独特,是厌氧氨氧化细菌的化学生物标志物,具有化学分类与古海洋学应用潜力.厌氧氨氧化作用及厌氧...  相似文献   

Impact of different forcing factors on N:P balance in a semi-enclosed bay: The Gulf of Trieste (North Adriatic Sea)     

M. Lipizer  G. Cossarini 《Continental Shelf Research》2011,31(16):1651-1662

The availability and partition of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) in inorganic and organic compartments, as well as their stoichiometric ratio, are influenced by both physical and biological forcing factors. On this basis, the temporal and spatial dynamics in N:P atomic ratios in different compartments may provide information on the functioning of marine ecosystems. Here we explore the relative importance of water temperature, river inputs, wind mixing, stratification, ingression of nutrient-depleted Eastern Adriatic Current and phytoplankton biomass on concentrations and ratios between nitrogen and phosphorus in a semi-enclosed bay (the Gulf of Trieste), using data from monitoring programs carried out during 8 years. Water samples are first classified in 6 water types based on N:P ratios in different components, and then relationships between water type space-time distribution and a set of forcing factors is sought. Results show that the gulf is characterised by relatively stable N:P ratios in all compartments (about 23-26), always exceeding the classical Redfield ratio. In the surface layer, however, nitrogen and phosphorus dynamics are decoupled because of river input and plankton productivity, and a significant spatial and temporal variability is observed in terms of stoichiometric balance, nutrient concentrations and partition among the different pools. Deviations from stable N:P ratios follow a seasonal evolution. In spring, continental inputs alter inorganic nutrient compartments (N:P up to 115); later on, during the seasonal succession of biological processes (e.g. late spring phytoplankton blooms, summer increase in microbial activities and autumn phytoplankton blooms), a change is also seen in the organic dissolved and particulate pools. Multivariate statistical analysis suggests that, among the considered forcing factors, the most relevant in modulating the N:P stoichiometry in the Gulf of Trieste are river inputs and ingression of the Eastern Adriatic Current (acting in opposite directions) along with phytoplankton dynamics. During the whole period, besides variations in N:P stoichiometry, in the Gulf of Trieste dissolved organic matter represents the largest pool of N and P, which can provide a source of nutrients for the planktonic community alternative to inorganic nutrient.  相似文献   

Effect of polyvinyl acetate grout injection on geotechnical properties of fine sand     

《Geomechanics and Geoengineering》2013,8(2):86-96

This laboratory project aims to investigate the influence of polyvinyl acetate (PVA) grout injection on sandy soil improvement. In order to make the polymeric material injectable through the soil particles, adhesive polymer is mixed with water in certain weight percentages. Fine grained sand with different dry densities in its loose, medium and dense state, is prepared in a cylindrical mould and subjected to this polymeric grout injection. Unconfined compression tests are conducted on grouted samples after passing their curing period. Results illustrate that increasing the polymer percent in grout leads to significant compressive strength and elastic modulus enhancement. On the other hand, by increasing grout concentration, loose sand demonstrated higher compressive strength and elastic modulus improvement in comparison with medium and dense sand.  相似文献   

EDTA滴定法测定镍矿石中氧化钙     

郝原芳  徐英奎 《地质与资源》2014,23(6):580-582

建立了利用EDTA滴定法测定镍矿石中氧化钙的方法.考察了镍、碱度、沉淀剂、干扰元素、钙试剂对滴定的影响.确定了最佳的实验条件：温度50~60℃,陈化时间1 h,饱和草酸铵用量20 mL.方法检出限为1%,相对标准偏差1.1%~2.1%,回收率98.98%~102.6%.本方法灵敏度高,适合于镍矿石中氧化钙的快速测定.  相似文献   

陶瓷杯与蒸渗仪测定硝态氮和氨态氮淋溶的比较   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

王琦  张恩和  师尚礼  刘青林  Keith Cameron 《干旱区地理》2015,38(2):298-304

土壤硝态氮（NO₃^--N）和氨态氮（NH4+-N）淋溶量测定方法因草本植物和土壤类型不同而异。试验采用陶瓷杯（ceramic suction cups）和蒸渗仪（lysimeters）分别测定草地土壤NO₃^--N和NH4+-N淋溶量。蒸渗仪直径为50 cm和深度为70 cm,土壤类型分别为新西兰Gorge silt loam、Mataura sandy loam和Lismore stony silt loam,重复4次。陶瓷杯水平插入蒸渗仪不锈钢筒,陶瓷杯插孔中心离不锈钢筒底部距离分别为35 cm（上陶瓷杯）和60 cm（下陶瓷杯）。在试验前,喷灌72 h冲洗蒸渗仪土壤溶液,使淋溶液NO₃^--N浓度接近0 mg·L^-1,然后1次性施加250 kg N·hm^-2尿素溶解液,用喷灌系统喷灌蒸渗仪,每周喷灌1次,喷灌系统误差使Gorge、Mataura和Lismore土壤喷灌强度分别为15.0、19.0和18.7 mm·h^-1,1次喷灌持续时间为3 h。在Gorge和Lismore土壤,陶瓷杯和蒸渗仪测定NO₃^--N淋溶量差异显著。在Gorge土壤,上陶瓷杯、下陶瓷杯和蒸渗仪测定NO₃^--N淋溶累计量分别为64、68和54 kg N·hm^-2,测定NH₄⁺-N淋溶累计量分别为0.43、0.49和0.43 kg N·hm^-2;在Mataura土壤,上陶瓷杯、下陶瓷杯和蒸渗仪测定NO₃^--N淋溶累计量分别为57、68和62 kg N·hm^-2,测定NH₄⁺-N淋溶累计量分别为0.51、0.37和0.23 kg N·hm^-2;在Lismore土壤,上陶瓷杯、下陶瓷杯和蒸渗仪测定NO₃^--N淋溶累计量分别为61、103和99 kg N·hm^-2,测定NH₄⁺-N淋溶累计量分别为1.70、2.24和2.04 kg N·hm^-2。在结构发育良好的Gorge和Lismore土壤,陶瓷杯不适合测定NO₃^--N淋溶量,但适合应用于砂土质地和发育不完善Mataura土壤。NH₄⁺-N淋溶累计量占NO₃^--N淋溶累计量的0.37%～2.93%,在测定和计算氮淋溶时,NH₄⁺-N淋溶可以忽略不计。  相似文献